Pronouns, determiners etc.

PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2221

Identifier: affixedPersonalPronoun   Type: simple   Origin:    Profile: Morphosyntax

Is a: pronoun

Definition: Personnal pronoun that is affixed, i.e. added as an affix to another word.
Source: MIRACL & LSCA

Example: pl: "-ń" in "Czekam nań." = lit. "I-am-waiting for-him."
Source: Adam Przepiórkowski

Explanation: In Polish, there are 4 different forms of the 3rd person sg acc/gen personal pronoun: jego (possibly stressed, not after a preposition) go (never stressed, not after a preposition) niego (possibly stressed, only after a preposition) -ń (obviously never stressed, only after a preposition) So, for example, "I am waiting for him" could be in Polish: Czekam na niego. or: Czekam nań.
Source: Adam Przepiórkowski

Note: Whether pronoun affixes are tagged separately depends on tokenization scheme. If the inner boundary of e.g. the Polish "na|ń" is not recognized, the full word can be classified as "fused preposition pronoun".

Language sections: English, French

PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2223

Identifier: allusivePronoun   Type: simple   Origin: Unité de recherche LSCA SFAX / Tunisie   Profile: Morphosyntax

Is a: pronoun

Definition: Pronoun that refers to something characterized by allusions.
Source: MIRACL & LSCA
Note: For example for Arabic.

Example: ar: "كَمْ" ("kam") = "how much", "كَيْتَ" ("kyt") = "in such a way"
Source: http://tagmatica.fr/publications/Aida_TALN2007_Final.pdf

Explanation: It is an invariable noun expressing a specific intention by means of unclear term.
Source: Aïda Khemakhem

Explanation: Allusive pronoun : it is an invariable pronoun expressing a specific intention by means of unclear term: كَمْ , كَأَيٍّ, كَذَا, كَيْتَ وَ ذَيْتَ, بِضْعُ وَفُلَان For « كَمْ » (kam), it has two different uses - It may be a interrogative pronoun: interrogative kam alludes to a number ignored by the questioner waiting for its designation : “ ? كَمْ طَالِبٍ جَاءَ » how many students have come ? - It may be a allusive pronoun: predicative kam alludes to an important number in order to inform about it, not to designate it: “! كَمْ طَالِبٍ جَاءَ » how many students have come! « ! كَمْ أُنَاسٍ » how many people !
Source: Aïda Khemakhem

Explanation: Here are some examples from two well known Arabic-English dictionaries. Unfortunately, I do not have an Arabic keyboard installed so I have to use transcriptions >From Hans Wehr - kam nahaituhu - how often I forbade him >From the Georgetown University Iraqi Arabic-English Dictionary - baas Saar `amra `ashr isniin, gam (= kam) yriid paysikil - He just turned ten, and here [how] he wants a bicycle gam (= kam) yurguS imnil-faraH [how] he jumped for joy
Source: Monte

Language sections: English, Arabic, French

PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1892

Identifier: article   Type: simple   Origin: English, for instance   Profile: Morphosyntax

Is a: determiner

Definition: Term used in the grammatical classification of words referring to a subclass of determiners which displays a primary role in differentiating the uses of nouns.
Source: Crystal 2003

Language sections: English, Czech, French

PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3006

Identifier: collectivePronoun   Type: simple   Origin: BulTreeBank   Profiles: Private, Morphosyntax

Is a: pronoun

Definition: A pronoun that refers to all elements of a set.
Source: DZ

Example: en: "everybody", "everyone", "everything", "every", "each", "all"
Source: DZ

Example: lv: "katrs" (every), "abi" (both), "visi" (everybody)
Source: Gunta Nešpore

Example: bg: "всеки" (vseki) = "everyone", "всякой" (vsjakoj) = "every", "всякакъв" (vsjakakăv) = "whatever", "всякъде" (vsjakăde) = "everywhere", "всякога" (vsjakoga) = "always", "всякак" (vsjakak) = "in every possible way", "всичкото" (vsičkoto) = "all"
Source: BulTreeBank

Example: sl: "vsak" = "everybody"
Source: Tomaž Erjavec, example of "general pronoun" from Multext East

Explanation: Collective pronouns contrast to free-selection indefinite pronouns such as "anybody", "anything" that refer to only one element, although freely selected from the whole set.
Source: DZ

Note: Some theories include collective pronouns in indefinite pronouns. In Multext East, they are called general pronouns, except for Russian, where they are called nonspecific pronouns. Traditional Latvian grammar calls them definite pronouns (Gunta Nešpore).

Language sections: English, Latvian

PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2222

Identifier: conditionalPronoun   Type: simple   Origin:    Profile: Morphosyntax

Is a: pronoun

Definition: conditional pronoun
Source: MIRACL & LSCA
Note: For example for Arabic.

Language sections: English, French

PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1269

Identifier: demonstrativeDeterminer   Type: simple   Origin: ?   Profile: Morphosyntax

Is a: determiner

Definition: Determiner used to point to an entity in the situation or elsewhere in a sentence.
Source: Crystal 2003

Language sections: English, French

PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1270

Identifier: demonstrativePronoun   Type: simple   Origin: ?   Profile: Morphosyntax

Is a: pronoun

Definition: Pronoun used to point to an entity in the situation or elsewhere in a sentence.
Source: Crystal 2003

Language sections: English, French

PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1272

Identifier: determiner   Type: simple   Origin: ?   Profile: Morphosyntax

Definition: Word or affix that belongs to a class of noun modifiers that expresses the reference, including quantity, of a noun.
Source: www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsADeterminer.htm
Note: some theories use to call a determiner an "attributive pronoun"

Example: All these houses
Source: www.atilf.fr DERIVATION GRAMM. 2.b

Language sections: English, French

PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1941

Identifier: emphaticPronoun   Type: simple   Origin:    Profile: Morphosyntax

Is a: pronoun

Definition: An emphatic pronoun is a personal pronoun that is used to emphasize its referent.
Source: http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAnEmphaticPronoun.htm

Example: fr: "Moi, je suis français." = "Me, I am French."
Source: http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAnEmphaticPronoun.htm

Explanation: This is a term used in many gram. books. One can also come across it in descriptions of some Bantu languages. Very often it is used as a synonym of absolute pronoun. Cf. for example Clement M. Doke: Textbook of Zulu Grammar. 1968 (6th edition), p.89. Derek Gowlett: Zone S. In: The Bantu Languages. London, New York. Routledge 2003. p.625. Like many Bantu languages, isiZulu is a pro-drop language. When translating English/French/German pronouns into isiZulu we use class-markers which are prefixed to the verb. In addition, there exist so-called absolute pronouns, i.e. independent, self-standing pronouns which are not necessarily used emphatically or to express contrast. The difference between absolute pronouns and emphatic pronouns (which morphologically appear to be the same) is that the emphatic set of pronouns is used in addition to other class-markers that refer to the same subject/object. Two simple examples from Doke (p.89): Ngi-thanda bona. 1sg-love 3pl-abs_pron I like them. Mina ngi-khuluma iqiniso ... 1sg-emph_pron 1sg-speak truth As for me, I speak the truth ... By the way, in the SIL-glossary (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAnEmphaticPronoun.htm) there is a definition and a nice French example: Def.: An emphatic pronoun is a personal pronoun that is used to emphasize its referent. Ex.: Moi, je suis français. ‘Me, I am French.’
Source: Karlheinz Moerth

Language sections: English, French

PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1284

Identifier: exclamativeDeterminer   Type: simple   Origin: ?   Profile: Morphosyntax

Is a: determiner

Definition: Determiner expressing an emotional utterance and marked with a strong intonation.
Source: Crystal 2003

Language sections: English, French

PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1285

Identifier: exclamativePronoun   Type: simple   Origin: ?   Profile: Morphosyntax

Is a: pronoun

Definition: Pronoun marked with an emotional utterance and/or a strong intonation.
Source: Crystal 2003

Example: For instance, looking at a nice picture our comment could be either "beautiful!" (simple exclamation) or "how beautiful!" (using "how" as an exclamative pronoun).
Source: http://learnitalian.elanguageschool.net/interrogative-and-exclamative-pronouns

Explanation: Interrogative pronouns can be used exclamatively (see example). Thus, exclamative pronouns are sometimes considered part of interrogatives.
Source: http://learnitalian.elanguageschool.net/interrogative-and-exclamative-pronouns

Language sections: English, French

PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3010

Identifier: fusedPrepositionDeterminer   Type: simple   Origin:    Profile: Morphosyntax

Is a: fused preposition

Definition: word resulting from the aggregation of a proposition and a determiner
Source: MultextEast

Example: "du" => "de"+"le" in French, meaning "from the"
Source:

Language sections: English, French

PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3009

Identifier: fusedPrepositionPronoun   Type: simple   Origin:    Profile: Morphosyntax

Definition: word resulting from the aggregation of a preposition and a pronoun
Source: MultextEast

Example: "proň" => "pro"+"něj", in Czech, meaning "for"+"him"
Source:

Language sections: English, French

PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3008

Identifier: fusedPronounAuxiliary   Type: simple   Origin:    Profile: Morphosyntax

Is a: pronoun

Definition: word resulting from the aggregation of a pronoun and an auxiliary
Source: multextEast

Example: "tys" => "ty"+"jsi", in Czech, meaning "you"+"are"
Source:

Language sections: English, French

PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1426

Identifier: impersonalPronoun   Type: simple   Origin:    Profile: Morphosyntax

Is a: pronoun

Definition: Pronoun lacking person referent.
Source: Gil Francopoulo

Example: de: "man" as in "Man nennt das Pronomen." = lit. "One calls it pronoun." = "It is called pronoun."
Source: DZ

Explanation: The term "impersonal" does not mean "any pronoun but personal". It is rather a pronoun with a function and usage very close to personal pronouns but it does not refer to any particular person. It is close to indefinite pronouns that can refer to an unknown person. However, the usage of the German "man" is specific and different from the indefinite pronoun "jemand" ("somebody"). Constructions with "man" are typically translated using passive to other languages.
Source: DZ

Language sections: English, French

PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3023

Identifier: indefiniteCardinalNumeral   Type: simple   Origin: Prague Dependency Treebank   Profiles: Private, Morphosyntax

Is a: numeral

Definition: A word used to express imprecise quantity.
Source: DZ

Example: cs: "několik" ("some"), "mnoho" ("many/much"), "málo" ("few"/"little"), "kdovíkolik" ("who knows how many")
Source: Prague Dependency Treebank (http://ufal.mff.cuni.cz/pdt/Corpora/PDT_1.0/References/mman.html#pos-tags)

Explanation: Some Czech indefinite numerals are derived from interrogative numerals in the same way as indefinite pronouns are derived from interrogative ones: pronoun "kdo" ("who") -> "někdo" ("someone"); numeral "kolik" ("how many") -> "několik" ("some").
Source: DZ

Language sections: English, Czech

PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1307

Identifier: indefiniteDeterminer   Type: simple   Origin: ?   Profile: Morphosyntax

Is a: determiner

Definition: Determiner not capable of identification.
Source: Gil Francopoulo

Language sections: English, French

PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3024

Identifier: indefiniteMultiplicativeNumeral   Type: simple   Origin: Prague Dependency Treebank   Profiles: Private, Morphosyntax

Is a: numeral

Definition: A word indicating imprecise number of times something happened.
Source: DZ

Example: cs: "několikrát" ("a few times"), "mnohokrát" ("many times"), "vícekrát" ("more times")
Source: CoNLL 2006 Czech treebank

Explanation: Multiplicative numerals, including indefinites, behave syntactically as adverbs.
Source: DZ

Language sections: English, Czech

PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3025

Identifier: indefiniteOrdinalNumeral   Type: simple   Origin: Prague Dependency Treebank   Profiles: Private, Morphosyntax

Is a: numeral

Definition: A word used to indicate imprecise rank of an object in a sequence.
Source: DZ

Example: cs: "několikátý" ("umpteenth"): "Už je to několikátý případ." = lit. "Already is it umpteenth case." = "There have been more cases already."
Source: Lingea Lexicon 5 en-cs

Explanation: Ordinal numerals typically follow adjectival declension patterns and also their syntactic behavior is adjectival, hence in some theories they may be classified as adjectives or determiners.
Source: DZ

Note: In Prague Dependency Treebank 1.0, indefinite ordinal numerals are grouped together with other adjectival indefinite numerals, such as "nejeden" ("more than one"), which is indefinite cardinal numeral.

Language sections: English, Czech

PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1309

Identifier: indefinitePronoun   Type: simple   Origin: ?   Profile: Morphosyntax

Is a: pronoun

Definition: Pronoun that does not allow reference.
Source: Gil Francopoulo

Example: Anybody, somebody
Source: www.atilf.fr IMPERSONNEL Gramm.

Language sections: English, French

PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3018

Identifier: interrogativeCardinalNumeral   Type: simple   Origin: Prague Dependency Treebank   Profiles: Private, Morphosyntax

Is a: numeral

Definition: An interrogative/relative word used to ask about quantity.
Source: DZ

Example: cs: "kolik" ("how many") Interrogative usage: "Kolik stojí kilo jablek?" = lit. "How-many costs kilo apples-gen?" = "How much does a kilo of apples cost?" Relative usage: "Nevím, kolik jablek sním." = lit. "I-do-not-know, how-many apples-gen I-will-eat." = "I don't know how many apples I'll eat."
Source: DZ

Language sections: English, Czech

PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1320

Identifier: interrogativeDeterminer   Type: simple   Origin: ?   Profile: Morphosyntax

Is a: determiner

Definition: Determiner used to express a question.
Source:

Language sections: English, French

PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3021

Identifier: interrogativeMultiplicativeNumeral   Type: simple   Origin: Prague Dependency Treebank   Profiles: Private, Morphosyntax

Is a: numeral

Definition: An interrogative/relative word used to ask about the number of times something happened.
Source: DZ

Example: cs: "kolikrát" ("how many times") Interrogative usage: "Kolikrát to musím opakovat?" = "How many times must I repeat it?" Relative usage: "Kolikrát se pokoušel, tolikrát selhal." = lit. "How-many-times himself he-tried, that-many-times he-failed." = "Each time he tried he failed."
Source: Lingea Lexicon 5 (en-cs)

Language sections: English, Czech

PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3019

Identifier: interrogativeOrdinalNumeral   Type: simple   Origin: Prague Dependency Treebank   Profiles: Private, Morphosyntax

Is a: numeral

Definition: An interrogative/relative word used to ask about numeric ranking.
Source: DZ

Example: cs: "kolikátý" ("which", "of what rank") Interrogative usage: "Kolikátý den v týdnu je pondělí? První." = lit. "Which day in week is Monday? First." = "Which day of the week is Monday? The first one." Relative usage: "To číslo udává, na kolikátém kilometru dálnice se sjezd nachází." = lit. "The number indicates, on which kilometer of-freeway itself exit finds." = "The number indicates on which kilometer of the freeway is the exit."
Source: DZ

Language sections: English, Czech

PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1321

Identifier: interrogativePronoun   Type: simple   Origin: ?   Profile: Morphosyntax

Is a: pronoun

Definition: Pronoun used to express a question.
Source:

Language sections: English, French

PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1925

Identifier: negativePronoun   Type: simple   Origin:    Profile: Morphosyntax

Is a: pronoun

Definition: Pronoun used in a context of a negation or for expressing a negation.
Source:

Language sections: English, French

PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1334

Identifier: numeral   Type: simple   Origin: Prague Dependency Treebank, among others   Profile: Morphosyntax

Definition: Part of speech that expresses a number or the relation to a number.
Source: GF

Language sections: English, Czech, French

PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1463

Identifier: personalPronoun   Type: simple   Origin:    Profile: Morphosyntax

Is a: pronoun

Definition: Pronoun referring a person.
Source:

Language sections: English, French

PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1359

Identifier: possessivePronoun   Type: simple   Origin: ?   Profile: Morphosyntax

Is a: pronoun

Definition: Pronoun that expresses ownership and relationships like ownership, such as kinship, and other forms of association.
Source: www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAPossessivePronoun.htm

Example: Mine
Source: www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAPossessiveNoun.htm

Language sections: English, French

PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3005

Identifier: possessiveRelativePronoun   Type: simple   Origin: Prague Dependency Treebank   Profiles: Private, Morphosyntax

Is a: pronoun

Definition: A relative pronoun whose antecedent is the possessor of the subject or object in the relative clause.
Source: DZ

Example: cs: "jehož" as in "To je muž, jehož syna učím." = "This is the man whose son I teach."
Source: DZ

Note: Not to be confused with the genitive form of an interrogative/relative pronoun. Example (cs): interrogative/relative pronoun "který" = "which", genitive form "kterého" = "of which", interrogative usage: "Kterého z vás je toto auto?" = lit. "Which-genitive of you is this car?" = "Whom of you does this car belong to?", relative usage: "Nevím, kterého z nich je to auto." = lit. "I do-not-know, which-genitive of them is this car." = "I do not know whom of them the car belongs to."

Note: Not to be confused with interrogative/relative pronoun expressing possession by an unknown possessor. Example (cs): interrogative/relative pronoun "čí" = "whose", interrogative usage: "Čí je toto auto?" = lit. "Whose is this car?", relative usage: "Nevím, čí je to auto." = "I do not know whose car it is." In this case, the pronoun "čí" does not refer anaphorically to a particular noun phrase (possessor) in the main clause. Consequently, it does not need to agree in gender and number with the possessor. In contrast, a possessive relative pronoun directly refers to a noun phrase (possessor) and agrees with it in gender and number: "jehož" (masculine singular), "jejíž" (feminine singular), "jejichž" (plural) etc.

Language sections: English, Czech

PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3000

Identifier: prepositionalAdverb   Type: simple   Origin:    Profiles: Private, Morphosyntax

Definition: adverb which is very similar in its form to a preposition
Source: Gil Francopoulo

Example: "to" in "I can do this if you want me to".
Source:

Language sections: English, French

PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2998

Identifier: pronominalAdverb   Type: simple   Origin:    Profiles: Private, Morphosyntax

Definition: adverb formed in replacement of a preposition and a pronoun
Source:

Example: "for that" => "therefore "
Source:

Language sections: English, French

PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1370

Identifier: pronoun   Type: simple   Origin: ?   Profile: Morphosyntax

Definition: Word used in place of a noun or a noun phrase.
Source:
Note: In a lot of languages, a pronoun agrees with its antecedent in number, gender or/and case. Some theories use to call a pronoun a "substituting pronoun" to distinguish this term from "attributive pronoun"

Example: She
Source: www.atilf.fr PRONOMINAL B.

Language sections: English, French

PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1924

Identifier: reciprocalPronoun   Type: simple   Origin:    Profile: Morphosyntax

Is a: pronoun

Definition: Pronoun expressing mutual relationship.
Source: Gil Francopoulo
Note: In English, for instance, the multiword expression "each other".

Language sections: English, French

PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3001

Identifier: reflexivePossessivePronoun   Type: simple   Origin: Prague Dependency Treebank   Profiles: Private, Morphosyntax

Is a: pronoun

Definition: A possessive pronoun that refers to the subject as the possessor.
Source: DZ

Example: cs: "své" as in "Martin mi půjčil své auto." = "Martin lent me his (own) car." This is in contrast to the non-reflexive possessive "jeho" in "Martin mi půjčil jeho auto." = "Martin lent me his (someone else's) car."
Source: DZ

Language sections: English, Czech

PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1380

Identifier: relativePronoun   Type: simple   Origin: Prague Dependency Treebank, for example   Profile: Morphosyntax

Is a: pronoun

Definition: Pronoun which introduces a relative clause and refers to something that has been said before.
Source: www.southwestern.edu/~carlg/Latin_Web/glossary.html + Canoonet
Note: Usually, the relative pronoun agrees with its antecedent in number and gender, while its case comes from its use in its own clause

Example: en: "whom" in "The man whom we saw is tall."
Source: www.southwestern.edu/~carlg/Latin_Web/glossary.html

Language sections: English, Czech, French