profile: Morphosyntax

ADJA

ADJA; Source: http://www.ims.uni-stuttgart.de/projekte/corplex/TagSets/stts-table.html; data element name

PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2794

Identifier: ADJA Type: simple Origin: Profile: Morphosyntax

Definition: STTS tag for attributive adjective
Source: http://www.ims.uni-stuttgart.de/projekte/corplex/TagSets/stts-table.html

Example: [das] große [Haus]; lit.: [the] big [house]
Source: http://www.ims.uni-stuttgart.de/projekte/corplex/TagSets/stts-table.html

Explanation: General rule: The ADJA class contains inflected adjectives as well as not inflected ones that occur in front of a noun, also in front of an empty noun (ellipse)
Source: www.sfs.uni-tuebingen.de/tupp/dz/stylebook.pdf

Language sections: English, German

Attributive adjective

Attributive adjective; admitted name

PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1243

Identifier: attributiveAdjective Type: simple Origin: ? Profile: Morphosyntax

Definition: An Attributive Adjective comes before a Noun and not after a Copula Verb, like BE, SEEM, etc.
Source: www.usingEnglish.com/glossary/attributive-adjective.html

Definition: (of an adjective or adjectival phrase) modifying a noun and constituting part of the same noun phrase, in English normally preceding the noun, as black in Fido is a black dog (as opposed to Fido is black)
Source: www.wordreference.com/English/definition.asp?en=attributive+adjective

Language sections: English, French

Citation

Citation; admitted name

Citation; Source: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Citation; data element name

PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3111

Identifier: Citation Type: simple Origin: GOLD (General Ontology for Linguistic Description): for the latest version see http://linguistics-ontology.org Profile: Morphosyntax

Definition: The action of citing or quoting any words or written passage from a publication that allows others to locate and identify the original source. Typical details include the title, author's name, the journal title (for articles), publication date and page numbers used in research. [Oxford English Dictionary 2010] Note: This concept was included in order to facilitate linking to the bibliographic entries referenced in GOLD.
Source: [Oxford English Dictionary 2010]

Note: This concept is part of the General Ontology for Linguistic Description (GOLD). For relationships among the concepts see: http://linguistics-ontology.org/gold.

Note: To make suggestions with regard to the entire ontology or individual concepts, please visit the GOLD Community website at http://linguistics-ontology.org.

Future perfect

Future perfect; admitted name

PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1292

Identifier: futurePerfect Type: complex/open Origin: ? Profile: Morphosyntax

Definition: A verb tense that refers to an action or state of being completed in the future. into English requires the use of the auxiliary verbs will/shall have.
Source: www.southwestern.edu/~carlg/Latin_Web/glossary.html

Definition: Denoting a tense of verbs describing an action that will have been performed by a certain time. In English this is formed with will have or shall have plus the past participle.
Source: www.wordreference.com/English/definition.asp?en=future+perfect

Language sections: English, French

Linguistic sections: English

Data type: string

Gerundive

Gerundive; admitted name

PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1294

Identifier: gerundive Type: complex/open Origin: ? Profile: Morphosyntax

Definition: an adjective formed from a verb, expressing the desirability of the activity denoted by the verb
Source: www.wordreference.com/English/definition.asp?en=gerundive)

Definition: a noun formed from a verb, denoting an action or state. In English, the gerund, like the present participle, is formed in -ing
Source: www.wordreference.com/English/definition.asp?en=gerund

Language sections: English, French

Linguistic sections: English

Data type: string

Impersonal

Impersonal; admitted name

PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1306

Identifier: impersonal Type: simple Origin: ? Profile: Morphosyntax

Definition: An impersonal verb is a verb that - occurs only in third person singular forms - has no specified agent , and - has a dummy subject or no subject.
Source: www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAnImpersonalVerb.htm

Definition: (of a verb) having no logical subject. Usually in English the pronoun it is used in such cases as a grammatical subject, as for example in It is raining. (of a pronoun) not denoting a person
Source: www.wordreference.com/English/definition.asp?en=impersonal

Language sections: English, French

MorphosyntacticProperty

MorphosyntacticProperty; admitted name

MorphosyntacticProperty; Source: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/MorphosyntacticProperty; data element name

PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3326

Identifier: MorphosyntacticProperty Type: complex/closed Origin: GOLD (General Ontology for Linguistic Description): for the latest version see http://linguistics-ontology.org Profile: Morphosyntax

Definition: MorphosyntacticFeature is the class of linguistic features that govern the grammatical behavior of morphosyntactic units. E.g., two morphosyntactic units can agree according to shared morphosyntactic features. Morphosyntactic features are also called grammatical categories. This class is intended to represent only the formal aspects of morphosyntax; that is, there is no notional component. In a grammatical system, such features occur in contrast to one another other, and are typically expressed in the same fashion. [Crystal 1985: 43-44; Hopper, P. 1992: 81; Bybee 1985: 191]
Source: [Crystal 1985: 43-44; Hopper, P. 1992: 81; Bybee 1985: 191]

Note: This concept is part of the General Ontology for Linguistic Description (GOLD). It is a child concept of http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/LinguisticProperty. For other relationships among the concepts see: http://linguistics-ontology.org/gold.

Note: To make suggestions with regard to the entire ontology or individual concepts, please visit the GOLD Community website at http://linguistics-ontology.org.

Data type: string

CaseProperty
CaseProperty; admitted name
CaseProperty; Source: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/CaseProperty; data element name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3104
Identifier: CaseProperty   Type: simple   Origin: GOLD (General Ontology for Linguistic Description): for the latest version see http://linguistics-ontology.org   Profile: Morphosyntax
Definition: CaseProperty is the class of properties that concerns the grammatical encoding of a noun's relationship (syntactic or semantic) to some other element in the sentence, such as a verb, noun, pronoun, or adposition [Pei and Gaynor 1954: 35; Crystal 1980: 53-54; Anderson 1985: 179-180; Andrews 1985: 7172; Kuno 1973: 45; Blake 2001].
Source: [Pei and Gaynor 1954: 35; Crystal 1980: 53-54; Anderson 1985: 179-180; Andrews 1985: 7172; Kuno 1973: 45; Blake 2001]
Note: This concept is part of the General Ontology for Linguistic Description (GOLD). It is a child concept of http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/MorphosyntacticProperty. For other relationships among the concepts see: http://linguistics-ontology.org/gold.
Note: To make suggestions with regard to the entire ontology or individual concepts, please visit the GOLD Community website at http://linguistics-ontology.org.
AbessiveCase
AbessiveCase; admitted name
AbessiveCase; Source: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/AbessiveCase; data element name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3055
Identifier: AbessiveCase   Type: simple   Origin: GOLD (General Ontology for Linguistic Description): for the latest version see http://linguistics-ontology.org   Profile: Morphosyntax
Is a: CaseProperty
Definition: AbessiveCase expresses the lack or absence of the referent of the noun it marks. It has the meaning of the English preposition 'without' [Pei and Gaynor 1954: 3, 35].
Source: [Pei and Gaynor 1954: 3, 35]
Note: This concept is part of the General Ontology for Linguistic Description (GOLD). It is a child concept of http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/CaseProperty. For other relationships among the concepts see: http://linguistics-ontology.org/gold.
Note: To make suggestions with regard to the entire ontology or individual concepts, please visit the GOLD Community website at http://linguistics-ontology.org.
AblativeCase
AblativeCase; admitted name
AblativeCase; Source: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/AblativeCase; data element name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3057
Identifier: AblativeCase   Type: simple   Origin: GOLD (General Ontology for Linguistic Description): for the latest version see http://linguistics-ontology.org   Profile: Morphosyntax
Is a: CaseProperty
Definition: Ablative case denotes the source, agent, means, and occasionally also time or place of an an act or occurence. [Pei and Gaynor 1954: 3]
Source: [Pei and Gaynor 1954: 3]
Note: This concept is part of the General Ontology for Linguistic Description (GOLD). It is a child concept of http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/CaseProperty. For other relationships among the concepts see: http://linguistics-ontology.org/gold.
Note: To make suggestions with regard to the entire ontology or individual concepts, please visit the GOLD Community website at http://linguistics-ontology.org.
AbsolutiveCase
AbsolutiveCase; admitted name
AbsolutiveCase; Source: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/AbsolutiveCase; data element name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3059
Identifier: AbsolutiveCase   Type: simple   Origin: GOLD (General Ontology for Linguistic Description): for the latest version see http://linguistics-ontology.org   Profile: Morphosyntax
Is a: CaseProperty
Definition: AbsolutiveCase in ergative-absolutive languages marks referents that would generally be the subjects of intransitive verbs or the objects of transitive verbs in the translational equivalents of nominative-accusative languages [Anderson 1985: 181; Crystal 1985: 1; Andrews 1985: 138].
Source: [Anderson 1985: 181; Crystal 1985: 1; Andrews 1985: 138]
Note: This concept is part of the General Ontology for Linguistic Description (GOLD). It is a child concept of http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/CaseProperty. For other relationships among the concepts see: http://linguistics-ontology.org/gold.
Note: To make suggestions with regard to the entire ontology or individual concepts, please visit the GOLD Community website at http://linguistics-ontology.org.
AccusativeCase
AccusativeCase; admitted name
AccusativeCase; Source: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/AccusativeCase; data element name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3061
Identifier: AccusativeCase   Type: simple   Origin: GOLD (General Ontology for Linguistic Description): for the latest version see http://linguistics-ontology.org   Profile: Morphosyntax
Is a: CaseProperty
Definition: AccusativeCase in nominative-accusative languages marks certain syntactic functions, usually direct objects [Hartmann and Stork 1972: 3, 156; Crystal 1980: 11, 246; Andrews 1985: 75; Anderson 1985: 181].
Source: [Hartmann and Stork 1972: 3, 156; Crystal 1980: 11, 246; Andrews 1985: 75; Anderson 1985: 181]
Note: This concept is part of the General Ontology for Linguistic Description (GOLD). It is a child concept of http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/CaseProperty. For other relationships among the concepts see: http://linguistics-ontology.org/gold.
Note: To make suggestions with regard to the entire ontology or individual concepts, please visit the GOLD Community website at http://linguistics-ontology.org.
AdessiveCase
AdessiveCase; admitted name
AdessiveCase; Source: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/AdessiveCase; data element name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3065
Identifier: AdessiveCase   Type: simple   Origin: GOLD (General Ontology for Linguistic Description): for the latest version see http://linguistics-ontology.org   Profile: Morphosyntax
Is a: CaseProperty
Definition: AdessiveCase expresses that the referent of the noun it marks is the location near/at which another referent exists. It has the meaning of 'at' or 'near' [Crystal 1997: 8].
Source: [Crystal 1997: 8]
Note: This concept is part of the General Ontology for Linguistic Description (GOLD). It is a child concept of http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/CaseProperty. For other relationships among the concepts see: http://linguistics-ontology.org/gold.
Note: To make suggestions with regard to the entire ontology or individual concepts, please visit the GOLD Community website at http://linguistics-ontology.org.
AllativeCase
AllativeCase; admitted name
AllativeCase; Source: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/AllativeCase; data element name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3075
Identifier: AllativeCase   Type: simple   Origin: GOLD (General Ontology for Linguistic Description): for the latest version see http://linguistics-ontology.org   Profile: Morphosyntax
Is a: CaseProperty
Definition: AllativeCase expresses motion to or toward the referent of the noun it marks [Pei and Gaynor 1954: 6, 9, 216; Lyons 1968: 299; Crystal 1985: 1213].
Source: [Pei and Gaynor 1954: 6, 9, 216; Lyons 1968: 299; Crystal 1985: 1213]
Note: This concept is part of the General Ontology for Linguistic Description (GOLD). It is a child concept of http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/CaseProperty. For other relationships among the concepts see: http://linguistics-ontology.org/gold.
Note: To make suggestions with regard to the entire ontology or individual concepts, please visit the GOLD Community website at http://linguistics-ontology.org.
AversiveCase
AversiveCase; admitted name
AversiveCase; Source: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/AversiveCase; data element name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3096
Identifier: AversiveCase   Type: simple   Origin: GOLD (General Ontology for Linguistic Description): for the latest version see http://linguistics-ontology.org   Profile: Morphosyntax
Is a: CaseProperty
Definition: AversiveCase expresses fear or is literally translated as 'turning from' in some languages [Blake 2001: 156].
Source: [Blake 2001: 156]
Note: This concept is part of the General Ontology for Linguistic Description (GOLD). It is a child concept of http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/CaseProperty. For other relationships among the concepts see: http://linguistics-ontology.org/gold.
Note: To make suggestions with regard to the entire ontology or individual concepts, please visit the GOLD Community website at http://linguistics-ontology.org.
BenefactiveCase
BenefactiveCase; admitted name
BenefactiveCase; Source: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/BenefactiveCase; data element name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3099
Identifier: BenefactiveCase   Type: simple   Origin: GOLD (General Ontology for Linguistic Description): for the latest version see http://linguistics-ontology.org   Profile: Morphosyntax
Is a: CaseProperty
Definition: BenefactiveCase expresses that the referent of the noun it marks receives the benefit of the situation expressed by the clause [Crystal 1980: 43].
Source: [Crystal 1980: 43]
Note: This concept is part of the General Ontology for Linguistic Description (GOLD). It is a child concept of http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/CaseProperty. For other relationships among the concepts see: http://linguistics-ontology.org/gold.
Note: To make suggestions with regard to the entire ontology or individual concepts, please visit the GOLD Community website at http://linguistics-ontology.org.
ComitativeCase
ComitativeCase; admitted name
ComitativeCase; Source: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/ComitativeCase; data element name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3119
Identifier: ComitativeCase   Type: simple   Origin: GOLD (General Ontology for Linguistic Description): for the latest version see http://linguistics-ontology.org   Profile: Morphosyntax
Is a: CaseProperty
Definition: ComitativeCase expresses accompaniment. It carries the meaning 'with' or 'accompanied by' [Anderson 1985: 186; Pei and Gaynor 1954: 42; Dixon, R. 1972: 12].
Source: [Anderson 1985: 186; Pei and Gaynor 1954: 42; Dixon, R. 1972: 12]
Note: This concept is part of the General Ontology for Linguistic Description (GOLD). It is a child concept of http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/CaseProperty. For other relationships among the concepts see: http://linguistics-ontology.org/gold.
Note: To make suggestions with regard to the entire ontology or individual concepts, please visit the GOLD Community website at http://linguistics-ontology.org.
ContablativeCase
ContablativeCase; admitted name
ContablativeCase; Source: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/ContablativeCase; data element name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3135
Identifier: ContablativeCase   Type: simple   Origin: GOLD (General Ontology for Linguistic Description): for the latest version see http://linguistics-ontology.org   Profile: Morphosyntax
Is a: CaseProperty
Definition: ContablativeCase expresses that the referent of the noun it marks is the location 'from near' which another referent is moving. It has the meaning 'from near'. Kibrik says that Archi (aqc) possesses a nominal spatial form expressing ContablativeCase, namely -raš [Kibrik 1998: 470].
Source: [Kibrik 1998: 470]
Note: This concept is part of the General Ontology for Linguistic Description (GOLD). It is a child concept of http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/CaseProperty. For other relationships among the concepts see: http://linguistics-ontology.org/gold.
Note: To make suggestions with regard to the entire ontology or individual concepts, please visit the GOLD Community website at http://linguistics-ontology.org.
ContallativeCase
ContallativeCase; admitted name
ContallativeCase; Source: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/ContallativeCase; data element name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3136
Identifier: ContallativeCase   Type: simple   Origin: GOLD (General Ontology for Linguistic Description): for the latest version see http://linguistics-ontology.org   Profile: Morphosyntax
Is a: CaseProperty
Definition: ContallativeCase expresses that something is moving toward the vicinity of the referent of the noun it marks. It has the meaning 'towards the vicinity of'. Kibrik says that Archi (aqc) possesses a nominal spatial form expressing ContallativeCase, namely -rši [Kibrik 1998: 470].
Source: [Kibrik 1998: 470]
Note: This concept is part of the General Ontology for Linguistic Description (GOLD). It is a child concept of http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/CaseProperty. For other relationships among the concepts see: http://linguistics-ontology.org/gold.
Note: To make suggestions with regard to the entire ontology or individual concepts, please visit the GOLD Community website at http://linguistics-ontology.org.
ConterminativeCase
ConterminativeCase; admitted name
ConterminativeCase; Source: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/ConterminativeCase; data element name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3137
Identifier: ConterminativeCase   Type: simple   Origin: GOLD (General Ontology for Linguistic Description): for the latest version see http://linguistics-ontology.org   Profile: Morphosyntax
Is a: CaseProperty
Definition: ConterminativeCase expresses the notion of something moving into the vicinity of the referent of the noun it marks, but not through that region. It has the meaning 'moving into the vicinity of'. Kibrik says that Archi (aqc) possesses a nominal spatial form expressing ConterminativeCase, namely -rakana [Kibrik 1998: 470].
Source: [Kibrik 1998: 470]
Note: This concept is part of the General Ontology for Linguistic Description (GOLD). It is a child concept of http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/CaseProperty. For other relationships among the concepts see: http://linguistics-ontology.org/gold.
Note: To make suggestions with regard to the entire ontology or individual concepts, please visit the GOLD Community website at http://linguistics-ontology.org.
ContlativeCase
ContlativeCase; admitted name
ContlativeCase; Source: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/ContlativeCase; data element name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3140
Identifier: ContlativeCase   Type: simple   Origin: GOLD (General Ontology for Linguistic Description): for the latest version see http://linguistics-ontology.org   Profile: Morphosyntax
Is a: CaseProperty
Definition: ContlativeCase expresses that the referent of the noun it marks is the location in the vicinity of which another referent is moving. It has the meaning 'in the vicinity of'. Kibrik says that Archi (aqc) possesses a nominal spatial form expressing ContlativeCase, namely -rak [Kibrik 1998: 470].
Source: [Kibrik 1998: 470]
Note: This concept is part of the General Ontology for Linguistic Description (GOLD). It is a child concept of http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/CaseProperty. For other relationships among the concepts see: http://linguistics-ontology.org/gold.
Note: To make suggestions with regard to the entire ontology or individual concepts, please visit the GOLD Community website at http://linguistics-ontology.org.
DativeCase
DativeCase; admitted name
DativeCase; Source: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/DativeCase; data element name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3148
Identifier: DativeCase   Type: simple   Origin: GOLD (General Ontology for Linguistic Description): for the latest version see http://linguistics-ontology.org   Profile: Morphosyntax
Is a: CaseProperty
Definition: DativeCase marks 1) Indirect objects (for languages in which they are held to exist) or 2) nouns having the role of recipient (as of things given), beneficiary of an action, or possessor of an item [Crystal 1980: 102].
Source: [Crystal 1980: 102]
Note: This concept is part of the General Ontology for Linguistic Description (GOLD). It is a child concept of http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/CaseProperty. For other relationships among the concepts see: http://linguistics-ontology.org/gold.
Note: To make suggestions with regard to the entire ontology or individual concepts, please visit the GOLD Community website at http://linguistics-ontology.org.
DelativeCase
DelativeCase; admitted name
DelativeCase; Source: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/DelativeCase; data element name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3152
Identifier: DelativeCase   Type: simple   Origin: GOLD (General Ontology for Linguistic Description): for the latest version see http://linguistics-ontology.org   Profile: Morphosyntax
Is a: CaseProperty
Definition: DelativeCase expresses motion downward from the referent of the noun it marks [Pei and Gaynor 1954: 53].
Source: [Pei and Gaynor 1954: 53]
Note: This concept is part of the General Ontology for Linguistic Description (GOLD). It is a child concept of http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/CaseProperty. For other relationships among the concepts see: http://linguistics-ontology.org/gold.
Note: To make suggestions with regard to the entire ontology or individual concepts, please visit the GOLD Community website at http://linguistics-ontology.org.
ElativeCase
ElativeCase; admitted name
ElativeCase; Source: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/ElativeCase; data element name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3176
Identifier: ElativeCase   Type: simple   Origin: GOLD (General Ontology for Linguistic Description): for the latest version see http://linguistics-ontology.org   Profile: Morphosyntax
Is a: CaseProperty
Definition: ElativeCase expresses that the referent of the noun it marks is the location out of which another referent is moving. It has the meaning 'out of' [Lyons 1968: 299; Pei and Gaynor 1954: 64; Crystal 1985: 106].
Source: [Lyons 1968: 299; Pei and Gaynor 1954: 64; Crystal 1985: 106]
Note: This concept is part of the General Ontology for Linguistic Description (GOLD). It is a child concept of http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/CaseProperty. For other relationships among the concepts see: http://linguistics-ontology.org/gold.
Note: To make suggestions with regard to the entire ontology or individual concepts, please visit the GOLD Community website at http://linguistics-ontology.org.
ErgativeCase
ErgativeCase; admitted name
ErgativeCase; Source: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/ErgativeCase; data element name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3182
Identifier: ErgativeCase   Type: simple   Origin: GOLD (General Ontology for Linguistic Description): for the latest version see http://linguistics-ontology.org   Profile: Morphosyntax
Is a: CaseProperty
Definition: ErgativeCase in ergative-absolutive languages generally identifies the subject of transitive verbs in the translation equivalents of nominative-accusative Languages such as English [Crystal 1980: 134; Hartmann and Stork 1972: 78; Pei and Gaynor 1954: 67; Andrews 1985: 138].
Source: [Crystal 1980: 134; Hartmann and Stork 1972: 78; Pei and Gaynor 1954: 67; Andrews 1985: 138]
Note: This concept is part of the General Ontology for Linguistic Description (GOLD). It is a child concept of http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/CaseProperty. For other relationships among the concepts see: http://linguistics-ontology.org/gold.
Note: To make suggestions with regard to the entire ontology or individual concepts, please visit the GOLD Community website at http://linguistics-ontology.org.
EssiveCase
EssiveCase; admitted name
EssiveCase; Source: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/EssiveCase; data element name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3183
Identifier: EssiveCase   Type: simple   Origin: GOLD (General Ontology for Linguistic Description): for the latest version see http://linguistics-ontology.org   Profile: Morphosyntax
Is a: CaseProperty
Definition: EssiveCase expresses that the referent of the noun it marks is the location at which another referent exists [Lyons 1968: 299, 301; Crystal 1985: 112; Blake 2001].
Source: [Lyons 1968: 299, 301; Crystal 1985: 112; Blake 2001]
Note: This concept is part of the General Ontology for Linguistic Description (GOLD). It is a child concept of http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/CaseProperty. For other relationships among the concepts see: http://linguistics-ontology.org/gold.
Note: To make suggestions with regard to the entire ontology or individual concepts, please visit the GOLD Community website at http://linguistics-ontology.org.
GenitiveCase
GenitiveCase; admitted name
GenitiveCase; Source: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/GenitiveCase; data element name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3220
Identifier: GenitiveCase   Type: simple   Origin: GOLD (General Ontology for Linguistic Description): for the latest version see http://linguistics-ontology.org   Profile: Morphosyntax
Is a: CaseProperty
Definition: GenitiveCase is used to mark the noun whose referent is the possessor of the referent of another noun [Crystal 1980: 161; Hartmann and Stork 1972: 94-95, 180; Pei and Gaynor 1954: 82, 172; Anderson 1985: 185; Fleming 1988: 10].
Source: [Crystal 1980: 161; Hartmann and Stork 1972: 94-95, 180; Pei and Gaynor 1954: 82, 172; Anderson 1985: 185; Fleming 1988: 10]
Note: This concept is part of the General Ontology for Linguistic Description (GOLD). It is a child concept of http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/CaseProperty. For other relationships among the concepts see: http://linguistics-ontology.org/gold.
Note: To make suggestions with regard to the entire ontology or individual concepts, please visit the GOLD Community website at http://linguistics-ontology.org.
IllativeCase
IllativeCase; admitted name
IllativeCase; Source: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/IllativeCase; data element name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3242
Identifier: IllativeCase   Type: simple   Origin: GOLD (General Ontology for Linguistic Description): for the latest version see http://linguistics-ontology.org   Profile: Morphosyntax
Is a: CaseProperty
Definition: IllativeCase expresses that the referent of the noun it marks is the location into which another referent is moving. It has the meaning 'into' [Lyons 1968: 299; Crystal 1985: 152].
Source: [Lyons 1968: 299; Crystal 1985: 152]
Note: This concept is part of the General Ontology for Linguistic Description (GOLD). It is a child concept of http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/CaseProperty. For other relationships among the concepts see: http://linguistics-ontology.org/gold.
Note: To make suggestions with regard to the entire ontology or individual concepts, please visit the GOLD Community website at http://linguistics-ontology.org.
InablativeCase
InablativeCase; admitted name
InablativeCase; Source: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/InablativeCase; data element name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3248
Identifier: InablativeCase   Type: simple   Origin: GOLD (General Ontology for Linguistic Description): for the latest version see http://linguistics-ontology.org   Profile: Morphosyntax
Is a: CaseProperty
Definition: InablativeCase expresses that the referent of the noun it marks is the location from within which another referent is moving. It has the meaning 'from within'. Kibrik says that Archi (aqc) possesses a nominal spatial form expressing InablativeCase, namely -aš. He gives the example 'aInš-l-a-š' ('aIns' = 'apple'). [Kibrik 1998: 470-471]
Source: [Kibrik 1998: 470-471]
Note: This concept is part of the General Ontology for Linguistic Description (GOLD). It is a child concept of http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/CaseProperty. For other relationships among the concepts see: http://linguistics-ontology.org/gold.
Note: To make suggestions with regard to the entire ontology or individual concepts, please visit the GOLD Community website at http://linguistics-ontology.org.
InallativeCase
InallativeCase; admitted name
InallativeCase; Source: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/InallativeCase; data element name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3249
Identifier: InallativeCase   Type: simple   Origin: GOLD (General Ontology for Linguistic Description): for the latest version see http://linguistics-ontology.org   Profile: Morphosyntax
Is a: CaseProperty
Definition: InallativeCase expresses that something is moving toward the region that is inside the referent of the noun it marks. It has the meaning 'towards in(side)'. Kibrik says that Archi (aqc) possesses a nominal spatial form expressing InallativeCase, namely -aši [Kibrik 1998: 470].
Source: [Kibrik 1998: 470]
Note: This concept is part of the General Ontology for Linguistic Description (GOLD). It is a child concept of http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/CaseProperty. For other relationships among the concepts see: http://linguistics-ontology.org/gold.
Note: To make suggestions with regard to the entire ontology or individual concepts, please visit the GOLD Community website at http://linguistics-ontology.org.
InessiveCase
InessiveCase; admitted name
InessiveCase; Source: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/InessiveCase; data element name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3257
Identifier: InessiveCase   Type: simple   Origin: GOLD (General Ontology for Linguistic Description): for the latest version see http://linguistics-ontology.org   Profile: Morphosyntax
Is a: CaseProperty
Definition: InessiveCase expresses that the referent of the noun it marks is the location within which another referent exists. It has the meaning of 'within' or 'inside' [Lyons 1968: 299; Crystal 1985: 156]. X in Y.
Source: [Lyons 1968: 299; Crystal 1985: 156]
Note: This concept is part of the General Ontology for Linguistic Description (GOLD). It is a child concept of http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/CaseProperty. For other relationships among the concepts see: http://linguistics-ontology.org/gold.
Note: To make suggestions with regard to the entire ontology or individual concepts, please visit the GOLD Community website at http://linguistics-ontology.org.
InstrumentalCase
InstrumentalCase; admitted name
InstrumentalCase; Source: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/InstrumentalCase; data element name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3262
Identifier: InstrumentalCase   Type: simple   Origin: GOLD (General Ontology for Linguistic Description): for the latest version see http://linguistics-ontology.org   Profile: Morphosyntax
Is a: CaseProperty
Definition: InstrumentalCase indicates that the referent of the noun it marks is the means of the accomplishment of the action expressed by the clause [Crystal 1980: 187; Hartmann and Stork 1972: 114].
Source: [Crystal 1980: 187; Hartmann and Stork 1972: 114]
Note: This concept is part of the General Ontology for Linguistic Description (GOLD). It is a child concept of http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/CaseProperty. For other relationships among the concepts see: http://linguistics-ontology.org/gold.
Note: To make suggestions with regard to the entire ontology or individual concepts, please visit the GOLD Community website at http://linguistics-ontology.org.
InterablativeCase
InterablativeCase; admitted name
InterablativeCase; Source: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/InterablativeCase; data element name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3263
Identifier: InterablativeCase   Type: simple   Origin: GOLD (General Ontology for Linguistic Description): for the latest version see http://linguistics-ontology.org   Profile: Morphosyntax
Is a: CaseProperty
Definition: InterablativeCase expresses that the referent of the noun it marks is the location from between which another referent is moving. It has the meaning 'from in between'. Kibrik says that Archi (aqc) possesses a nominal spatial form expressing InterablativeCase, namely -qIaš [Kibrik 1998: 470].
Source: [Kibrik 1998: 470]
Note: This concept is part of the General Ontology for Linguistic Description (GOLD). It is a child concept of http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/CaseProperty. For other relationships among the concepts see: http://linguistics-ontology.org/gold.
Note: To make suggestions with regard to the entire ontology or individual concepts, please visit the GOLD Community website at http://linguistics-ontology.org.
InterallativeCase
InterallativeCase; admitted name
InterallativeCase; Source: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/InterallativeCase; data element name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3264
Identifier: InterallativeCase   Type: simple   Origin: GOLD (General Ontology for Linguistic Description): for the latest version see http://linguistics-ontology.org   Profile: Morphosyntax
Is a: CaseProperty
Definition: InterallativeCase expresses that something is moving toward the region that is in the middle of the referent of the noun it marks. It has the meaning 'towards the middle of'. Kibrik says that Archi (aqc) possesses a nominal spatial form expressing InterallativeCase, namely -qIaši [Kibrik 1998: 470].
Source: [Kibrik 1998: 470]
Note: This concept is part of the General Ontology for Linguistic Description (GOLD). It is a child concept of http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/CaseProperty. For other relationships among the concepts see: http://linguistics-ontology.org/gold.
Note: To make suggestions with regard to the entire ontology or individual concepts, please visit the GOLD Community website at http://linguistics-ontology.org.
InteressiveCase
InteressiveCase; admitted name
InteressiveCase; Source: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/InteressiveCase; data element name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3265
Identifier: InteressiveCase   Type: simple   Origin: GOLD (General Ontology for Linguistic Description): for the latest version see http://linguistics-ontology.org   Profile: Morphosyntax
Is a: CaseProperty
Definition: InteressiveCase expresses that the referent of the noun it marks is the location between which another referent exists. It has the meaning of 'between'. Kibrik says that Archi (aqc) possesses a nominal spatial form expressing InteressiveCase, namely -qI [Kibrik 1998: 470].
Source: [Kibrik 1998: 470]
Note: This concept is part of the General Ontology for Linguistic Description (GOLD). It is a child concept of http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/CaseProperty. For other relationships among the concepts see: http://linguistics-ontology.org/gold.
Note: To make suggestions with regard to the entire ontology or individual concepts, please visit the GOLD Community website at http://linguistics-ontology.org.
InterlativeCase
InterlativeCase; admitted name
InterlativeCase; Source: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/InterlativeCase; data element name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3267
Identifier: InterlativeCase   Type: simple   Origin: GOLD (General Ontology for Linguistic Description): for the latest version see http://linguistics-ontology.org   Profile: Morphosyntax
Is a: CaseProperty
Definition: InterlativeCase expresses that the referent of the noun it marks is the location between which another referent is moving. It has the meaning 'to the middle of'. Kibrik says that Archi (aqc) possesses a nominal spatial form expressing InterlativeCase, namely -qIak [Kibrik 1998: 470].
Source: [Kibrik 1998: 470]
Note: This concept is part of the General Ontology for Linguistic Description (GOLD). It is a child concept of http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/CaseProperty. For other relationships among the concepts see: http://linguistics-ontology.org/gold.
Note: To make suggestions with regard to the entire ontology or individual concepts, please visit the GOLD Community website at http://linguistics-ontology.org.
InterminativeCase
InterminativeCase; admitted name
InterminativeCase; Source: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/InterminativeCase; data element name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3269
Identifier: InterminativeCase   Type: simple   Origin: GOLD (General Ontology for Linguistic Description): for the latest version see http://linguistics-ontology.org   Profile: Morphosyntax
Is a: CaseProperty
Definition: Expresses the notion of something moving into the inside of a reference of the noun it marks. It has the meaning 'into the inside of'. Kibrik says that Archi (aqc) possesses a nominal spatial form expressing InterminativeCase, namely -akana [Kibrik 1998: 470].
Source: [Kibrik 1998: 470]
Note: This concept is part of the General Ontology for Linguistic Description (GOLD). It is a child concept of http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/CaseProperty. For other relationships among the concepts see: http://linguistics-ontology.org/gold.
Note: To make suggestions with regard to the entire ontology or individual concepts, please visit the GOLD Community website at http://linguistics-ontology.org.
InterterminativeCase
InterterminativeCase; admitted name
InterterminativeCase; Source: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/InterterminativeCase; data element name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3273
Identifier: InterterminativeCase   Type: simple   Origin: GOLD (General Ontology for Linguistic Description): for the latest version see http://linguistics-ontology.org   Profile: Morphosyntax
Is a: CaseProperty
Definition: InterterminativeCase expresses the notion of something moving into the middle of the referent of the noun it marks, but not through it. It has the meaning 'into the middle of'. Kibrik says that Archi (aqc) possesses a nominal spatial form expressing InterterminativeCase, namely -qIakana [Kibrik 1998: 470].
Source: [Kibrik 1998: 470]
Note: This concept is part of the General Ontology for Linguistic Description (GOLD). It is a child concept of http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/CaseProperty. For other relationships among the concepts see: http://linguistics-ontology.org/gold.
Note: To make suggestions with regard to the entire ontology or individual concepts, please visit the GOLD Community website at http://linguistics-ontology.org.
IntertranslativeCase
IntertranslativeCase; admitted name
IntertranslativeCase; Source: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/IntertranslativeCase; data element name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3274
Identifier: IntertranslativeCase   Type: simple   Origin: GOLD (General Ontology for Linguistic Description): for the latest version see http://linguistics-ontology.org   Profile: Morphosyntax
Is a: CaseProperty
Definition: IntertranslativeCase expresses the notion of something moving along a trajectory between the referent of the noun it marks. It has the meaning 'along the in between'. Kibrik says that Archi (aqc) possesses a nominal spatial form expressing IntertranslativeCase, namely -qIaXut [Kibrik 1998: 470].
Source: [Kibrik 1998: 470]
Note: This concept is part of the General Ontology for Linguistic Description (GOLD). It is a child concept of http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/CaseProperty. For other relationships among the concepts see: http://linguistics-ontology.org/gold.
Note: To make suggestions with regard to the entire ontology or individual concepts, please visit the GOLD Community website at http://linguistics-ontology.org.
IntranslativeCase
IntranslativeCase; admitted name
IntranslativeCase; Source: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/IntranslativeCase; data element name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3277
Identifier: IntranslativeCase   Type: simple   Origin: GOLD (General Ontology for Linguistic Description): for the latest version see http://linguistics-ontology.org   Profile: Morphosyntax
Is a: CaseProperty
Definition: IntranslativeCase expresses the notion of something moving through the referent of the noun it marks. It has the meaning 'along through'. Kibrik says that Archi (aqc) possesses a nominal spatial form expressing IntranslativeCase, namely -aXut [Kibrik 1998: 470].
Source: [Kibrik 1998: 470]
Note: This concept is part of the General Ontology for Linguistic Description (GOLD). It is a child concept of http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/CaseProperty. For other relationships among the concepts see: http://linguistics-ontology.org/gold.
Note: To make suggestions with regard to the entire ontology or individual concepts, please visit the GOLD Community website at http://linguistics-ontology.org.
LativeCase
LativeCase; admitted name
LativeCase; Source: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/LativeCase; data element name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3293
Identifier: LativeCase   Type: simple   Origin: GOLD (General Ontology for Linguistic Description): for the latest version see http://linguistics-ontology.org   Profile: Morphosyntax
Is a: CaseProperty
Definition: LativeCase expresses 'motion up to the location of,' or 'as far as' the referent of the noun it marks [Pei and Gaynor 1954: 121].
Source: [Pei and Gaynor 1954: 121]
Note: This concept is part of the General Ontology for Linguistic Description (GOLD). It is a child concept of http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/CaseProperty. For other relationships among the concepts see: http://linguistics-ontology.org/gold.
Note: To make suggestions with regard to the entire ontology or individual concepts, please visit the GOLD Community website at http://linguistics-ontology.org.
LocativeCase
LocativeCase; admitted name
LocativeCase; Source: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/LocativeCase; data element name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3306
Identifier: LocativeCase   Type: simple   Origin: GOLD (General Ontology for Linguistic Description): for the latest version see http://linguistics-ontology.org   Profile: Morphosyntax
Is a: CaseProperty
Definition: (adj./n.) In languages which express grammatical relationships by means of inflections, this term refers to the form taken by a noun phrase (often a single noun or pronoun), when it typically expresses the idea of location of an entity or action. Structures which express locational meaning may also be referred to as locative, e.g. in 'The woman was standing at a bus stop', 'at a bus stop' could be called a locative phrase. [Crystal 2008: 288]
Source: [Crystal 2008: 288]
Note: This concept is part of the General Ontology for Linguistic Description (GOLD). It is a child concept of http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/CaseProperty. For other relationships among the concepts see: http://linguistics-ontology.org/gold.
Note: To make suggestions with regard to the entire ontology or individual concepts, please visit the GOLD Community website at http://linguistics-ontology.org.
MalefactiveCase
MalefactiveCase; admitted name
MalefactiveCase; Source: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/MalefactiveCase; data element name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3310
Identifier: MalefactiveCase   Type: simple   Origin: GOLD (General Ontology for Linguistic Description): for the latest version see http://linguistics-ontology.org   Profile: Morphosyntax
Is a: CaseProperty
Definition: Opposite of BenefactiveCase; used when the marked noun is adversely affected in the clause. [Zúñiga and Kittilä 2010: 5]
Source: [Zúñiga and Kittilä 2010: 5]
Note: This concept is part of the General Ontology for Linguistic Description (GOLD). It is a child concept of http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/CaseProperty. For other relationships among the concepts see: http://linguistics-ontology.org/gold.
Note: To make suggestions with regard to the entire ontology or individual concepts, please visit the GOLD Community website at http://linguistics-ontology.org.
NominativeCase
NominativeCase; admitted name
NominativeCase; Source: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/NominativeCase; data element name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3341
Identifier: NominativeCase   Type: simple   Origin: GOLD (General Ontology for Linguistic Description): for the latest version see http://linguistics-ontology.org   Profile: Morphosyntax
Is a: CaseProperty
Definition: NominativeCase identifies clause subjects in nominative-accusative languages. It is usually the unmarked case. Nouns used in isolation often have this case. [Crystal 1980: 242; Pei and Gaynor 1954: 147; Hartmann and Stork 1972: 224]
Source: [Crystal 1980: 242; Pei and Gaynor 1954: 147; Hartmann and Stork 1972: 224]
Note: This concept is part of the General Ontology for Linguistic Description (GOLD). It is a child concept of http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/CaseProperty. For other relationships among the concepts see: http://linguistics-ontology.org/gold.
Note: To make suggestions with regard to the entire ontology or individual concepts, please visit the GOLD Community website at http://linguistics-ontology.org.
ObliqueCase
ObliqueCase; admitted name
ObliqueCase; Source: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/ObliqueCase; data element name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3357
Identifier: ObliqueCase   Type: simple   Origin: GOLD (General Ontology for Linguistic Description): for the latest version see http://linguistics-ontology.org   Profile: Morphosyntax
Is a: CaseProperty
Definition: In a direct/oblique system or in a nominative/oblique system, oblique case is the term for all roles not marked by the direct case or nominative case. In the phrase 'the oblique cases' it is used to refer to a set of cases excluding the nominative (occasionally the nominative or accusative). [Bauer 2004: 27]
Source: [Bauer 2004: 27]
Note: This concept is part of the General Ontology for Linguistic Description (GOLD). It is a child concept of http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/CaseProperty. For other relationships among the concepts see: http://linguistics-ontology.org/gold.
Note: To make suggestions with regard to the entire ontology or individual concepts, please visit the GOLD Community website at http://linguistics-ontology.org.
PartitiveCase
PartitiveCase; admitted name
PartitiveCase; Source: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/PartitiveCase; data element name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3373
Identifier: PartitiveCase   Type: simple   Origin: GOLD (General Ontology for Linguistic Description): for the latest version see http://linguistics-ontology.org   Profile: Morphosyntax
Is a: CaseProperty
Definition: PartitiveCase expresses the partial nature of the referent of the noun it marks, as opposed to expressing the whole unit or class of which the referent is a part. This case may be found in items such as the following: existential clauses, nouns that are accompanied by numerals or units of measure, or predications of material from which something is made. It often has a meaning similar to the English word 'some'. [Pei and Gaynor 1954: 161; Richards, Platt and Weber 1985: 208; Quirk et al. 1985: 249; Sebeok 1946: 1214]
Source: [Pei and Gaynor 1954: 161; Richards, Platt and Weber 1985: 208; Quirk et al. 1985: 249; Sebeok 1946: 1214]
Note: This concept is part of the General Ontology for Linguistic Description (GOLD). It is a child concept of http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/CaseProperty. For other relationships among the concepts see: http://linguistics-ontology.org/gold.
Note: To make suggestions with regard to the entire ontology or individual concepts, please visit the GOLD Community website at http://linguistics-ontology.org.
PerlativeCase
PerlativeCase; admitted name
PerlativeCase; Source: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/PerlativeCase; data element name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3383
Identifier: PerlativeCase   Type: simple   Origin: GOLD (General Ontology for Linguistic Description): for the latest version see http://linguistics-ontology.org   Profile: Morphosyntax
Is a: CaseProperty
Definition: PerlativeCase expresses that something moved 'through','across', or 'along' the referent of the noun that is marked [Blake 2001].
Source: [Blake 2001]
Note: This concept is part of the General Ontology for Linguistic Description (GOLD). It is a child concept of http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/CaseProperty. For other relationships among the concepts see: http://linguistics-ontology.org/gold.
Note: To make suggestions with regard to the entire ontology or individual concepts, please visit the GOLD Community website at http://linguistics-ontology.org.
PossessedCase
PossessedCase; admitted name
PossessedCase; Source: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/PossessedCase; data element name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3406
Identifier: PossessedCase   Type: simple   Origin: GOLD (General Ontology for Linguistic Description): for the latest version see http://linguistics-ontology.org   Profile: Morphosyntax
Is a: CaseProperty
Definition: PossessedCase is used to mark the noun whose referent is possessed by the referent of another noun.
Source: [GOLD 2010]
Note: This concept is part of the General Ontology for Linguistic Description (GOLD). It is a child concept of http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/CaseProperty. For other relationships among the concepts see: http://linguistics-ontology.org/gold.
Note: To make suggestions with regard to the entire ontology or individual concepts, please visit the GOLD Community website at http://linguistics-ontology.org.
SubablativeCase
SubablativeCase; admitted name
SubablativeCase; Source: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/SubablativeCase; data element name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3490
Identifier: SubablativeCase   Type: simple   Origin: GOLD (General Ontology for Linguistic Description): for the latest version see http://linguistics-ontology.org   Profile: Morphosyntax
Is a: CaseProperty
Definition: SubablativeCase expresses that the referent of the noun it marks is the location from under which another referent is moving. It has the meaning 'from under'. Kibrik says that Archi (aqc) possesses a nominal spatial form expressing SubablativeCase, namely -L´aš [Kibrik 1998: 470].
Source: [Kibrik 1998: 470]
Note: This concept is part of the General Ontology for Linguistic Description (GOLD). It is a child concept of http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/CaseProperty. For other relationships among the concepts see: http://linguistics-ontology.org/gold.
Note: To make suggestions with regard to the entire ontology or individual concepts, please visit the GOLD Community website at http://linguistics-ontology.org.
SuballativeCase
SuballativeCase; admitted name
SuballativeCase; Source: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/SuballativeCase; data element name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3491
Identifier: SuballativeCase   Type: simple   Origin: GOLD (General Ontology for Linguistic Description): for the latest version see http://linguistics-ontology.org   Profile: Morphosyntax
Is a: CaseProperty
Definition: SuballativeCase expresses that something is moving toward the region that is under the referent of the noun it marks. It has the meaning 'towards the region that is under'. Kibrik says that Archi (aqc) possesses a nominal spatial form expressing SuballativeCase, namely -L´aši [Kibrik 1998: 470].
Source: [Kibrik 1998: 470]
Note: This concept is part of the General Ontology for Linguistic Description (GOLD). It is a child concept of http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/CaseProperty. For other relationships among the concepts see: http://linguistics-ontology.org/gold.
Note: To make suggestions with regard to the entire ontology or individual concepts, please visit the GOLD Community website at http://linguistics-ontology.org.
SubessiveCase
SubessiveCase; admitted name
SubessiveCase; Source: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/SubessiveCase; data element name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3492
Identifier: SubessiveCase   Type: simple   Origin: GOLD (General Ontology for Linguistic Description): for the latest version see http://linguistics-ontology.org   Profile: Morphosyntax
Is a: CaseProperty
Definition: SubessiveCase expresses that the referent of the noun it marks is the location under which another referent exists. It has the meaning of 'under' or 'beneath'. Kibrik says that Archi (aqc) possesses a nominal spatial form expressing SubessiveCase, namely -L´ [Kibrik 1998: 470].
Source: [Kibrik 1998: 470]
Note: This concept is part of the General Ontology for Linguistic Description (GOLD). It is a child concept of http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/CaseProperty. For other relationships among the concepts see: http://linguistics-ontology.org/gold.
Note: To make suggestions with regard to the entire ontology or individual concepts, please visit the GOLD Community website at http://linguistics-ontology.org.
SublativeCase
SublativeCase; admitted name
SublativeCase; Source: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/SublativeCase; data element name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3495
Identifier: SublativeCase   Type: simple   Origin: GOLD (General Ontology for Linguistic Description): for the latest version see http://linguistics-ontology.org   Profile: Morphosyntax
Is a: CaseProperty
Definition: In certain languages (notably, languages of the Finno-Urgic family), a declensional case having the same denotation as in English the use of the contruction "from below" before a substantive. [Pei and Gaynor 1980: 203-204] Kibrik says that Archi (aqc) possesses a nominal spatial form expressing SublativeCase, namely -L´ak [Kibrik 1998: 470].
Source: [Pei and Gaynor 1980: 203-204; Kibrik 1998: 470]
Note: This concept is part of the General Ontology for Linguistic Description (GOLD). It is a child concept of http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/CaseProperty. For other relationships among the concepts see: http://linguistics-ontology.org/gold.
Note: To make suggestions with regard to the entire ontology or individual concepts, please visit the GOLD Community website at http://linguistics-ontology.org.
SubterminativeCase
SubterminativeCase; admitted name
SubterminativeCase; Source: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/SubterminativeCase; data element name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3499
Identifier: SubterminativeCase   Type: simple   Origin: GOLD (General Ontology for Linguistic Description): for the latest version see http://linguistics-ontology.org   Profile: Morphosyntax
Is a: CaseProperty
Definition: SubterminativeCase expresses the notion of something moving into the region under the referent of the noun it marks, but not through that region. It has the meaning 'into the region under'. Kibrik says that Archi (aqc) possesses a nominal spatial form expressing SubterminativeCase, namely -L´akana [Kibrik 1998: 470].
Source: [Kibrik 1998: 470]
Note: This concept is part of the General Ontology for Linguistic Description (GOLD). It is a child concept of http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/CaseProperty. For other relationships among the concepts see: http://linguistics-ontology.org/gold.
Note: To make suggestions with regard to the entire ontology or individual concepts, please visit the GOLD Community website at http://linguistics-ontology.org.
SubtranslativeCase
SubtranslativeCase; admitted name
SubtranslativeCase; Source: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/SubtranslativeCase; data element name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3500
Identifier: SubtranslativeCase   Type: simple   Origin: GOLD (General Ontology for Linguistic Description): for the latest version see http://linguistics-ontology.org   Profile: Morphosyntax
Is a: CaseProperty
Definition: SubtranslativeCase expresses the notion of something moving along a trajectory underneath the referent of the noun it marks. It has the meaning 'along the region underneath'. Kibrik says that Archi (aqc) possesses a nominal spatial form expressing SubtranslativeCase, namely -L´aXut [Kibrik 1998: 470].
Source: [Kibrik 1998: 470]
Note: This concept is part of the General Ontology for Linguistic Description (GOLD). It is a child concept of http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/CaseProperty. For other relationships among the concepts see: http://linguistics-ontology.org/gold.
Note: To make suggestions with regard to the entire ontology or individual concepts, please visit the GOLD Community website at http://linguistics-ontology.org.
SuperablativeCase
SuperablativeCase; admitted name
SuperablativeCase; Source: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/SuperablativeCase; data element name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3502
Identifier: SuperablativeCase   Type: simple   Origin: GOLD (General Ontology for Linguistic Description): for the latest version see http://linguistics-ontology.org   Profile: Morphosyntax
Is a: CaseProperty
Definition: Superablative expresses that the referent of the noun it marks is at the location from over which another referent is moving. It has the meaning 'from over'. Kibrik says that Archi (aqc) possesses a nominal spatial form expressing SuperablativeCase, namely -t:iš. He gives the example 'aInš-li-t:-iš' ('aIns' = 'apple'). [Kibrik 1998: 470-471]
Source: [Kibrik 1998: 470-471]
Note: This concept is part of the General Ontology for Linguistic Description (GOLD). It is a child concept of http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/CaseProperty. For other relationships among the concepts see: http://linguistics-ontology.org/gold.
Note: To make suggestions with regard to the entire ontology or individual concepts, please visit the GOLD Community website at http://linguistics-ontology.org.
SuperallativeCase
SuperallativeCase; admitted name
SuperallativeCase; Source: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/SuperallativeCase; data element name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3503
Identifier: SuperallativeCase   Type: simple   Origin: GOLD (General Ontology for Linguistic Description): for the latest version see http://linguistics-ontology.org   Profile: Morphosyntax
Is a: CaseProperty
Definition: SuperallativeCase expresses that something is moving toward the region that is above the referent of the noun it marks. It has the meaning 'towards the region that is over'. Kibrik says that Archi (aqc) possesses a nominal spatial form expressing SuperallativeCase, namely -t:iši [Kibrik 1998: 470].
Source: [Kibrik 1998: 470]
Note: This concept is part of the General Ontology for Linguistic Description (GOLD). It is a child concept of http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/CaseProperty. For other relationships among the concepts see: http://linguistics-ontology.org/gold.
Note: To make suggestions with regard to the entire ontology or individual concepts, please visit the GOLD Community website at http://linguistics-ontology.org.
SuperessiveCase
SuperessiveCase; admitted name
SuperessiveCase; Source: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/SuperessiveCase; data element name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3504
Identifier: SuperessiveCase   Type: simple   Origin: GOLD (General Ontology for Linguistic Description): for the latest version see http://linguistics-ontology.org   Profile: Morphosyntax
Is a: CaseProperty
Definition: SuperessiveCase expresses that the referent of the noun it marks is the location on which another referent exists. It has the meaning of 'on' or 'upon'. [Pei and Gaynor 1954: 207] Kibrik says that Archi (aqc) possesses a nominal spatial form expressing SuperessiveCase, namely -t. He gives the example 'aInš-li-t' ('aIns' = 'apple'). [Kibrik 1998: 470-471]
Source: [Pei and Gaynor 1954: 207; Kibrik 1998: 470-471]
Note: This concept is part of the General Ontology for Linguistic Description (GOLD). It is a child concept of http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/CaseProperty. For other relationships among the concepts see: http://linguistics-ontology.org/gold.
Note: To make suggestions with regard to the entire ontology or individual concepts, please visit the GOLD Community website at http://linguistics-ontology.org.
SuperlativeCase
SuperlativeCase; admitted name
SuperlativeCase; Source: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/SuperlativeCase; data element name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3506
Identifier: SuperlativeCase   Type: simple   Origin: GOLD (General Ontology for Linguistic Description): for the latest version see http://linguistics-ontology.org   Profile: Morphosyntax
Is a: CaseProperty
Definition: SuperlativeCase expresses that the referent of the noun it marks is the location onto which another referent is moving. It has the meaning of 'onto'. Kibrik says that Archi (aqc) possesses a nominal spatial form expressing SuperlativeCase, namely -t:ik. He gives the example 'aInš-li-t:-ik' ('aIns' = 'apple'). [Kibrik 1998: 470-471] Unfortunate name clash with 'Superlative' as a property of adjectives.
Source: [Kibrik 1998: 470-471]
Note: This concept is part of the General Ontology for Linguistic Description (GOLD). It is a child concept of http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/CaseProperty. For other relationships among the concepts see: http://linguistics-ontology.org/gold.
Note: To make suggestions with regard to the entire ontology or individual concepts, please visit the GOLD Community website at http://linguistics-ontology.org.
SuperterminativeCase
SuperterminativeCase; admitted name
SuperterminativeCase; Source: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/SuperterminativeCase; data element name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3507
Identifier: SuperterminativeCase   Type: simple   Origin: GOLD (General Ontology for Linguistic Description): for the latest version see http://linguistics-ontology.org   Profile: Morphosyntax
Is a: CaseProperty
Definition: SuperterminativeCase expresses the notion of something moving into the region over the referent of the noun it marks, but not through that region. It has the meaning 'into the region over'. Kibrik says that Archi (aqc) possesses a nominal spatial form expressing SuperterminativeCase, namely -t:ikana [Kibrik 1998: 470].
Source: [Kibrik 1998: 470]
Note: This concept is part of the General Ontology for Linguistic Description (GOLD). It is a child concept of http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/CaseProperty. For other relationships among the concepts see: http://linguistics-ontology.org/gold.
Note: To make suggestions with regard to the entire ontology or individual concepts, please visit the GOLD Community website at http://linguistics-ontology.org.
SupertranslativeCase
SupertranslativeCase; admitted name
SupertranslativeCase; Source: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/SupertranslativeCase; data element name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3508
Identifier: SupertranslativeCase   Type: simple   Origin: GOLD (General Ontology for Linguistic Description): for the latest version see http://linguistics-ontology.org   Profile: Morphosyntax
Is a: CaseProperty
Definition: SupertranslativeCase expresses the notion of something moving along a trajectory above the referent of the noun it marks. It has the meaning 'along the region over'. Kibrik says that Archi (aqc) possesses a nominal spatial form expressing SupertranslativeCase, namely -t:iXut [Kibrik 1998: 470].
Source: [Kibrik 1998: 470]
Note: This concept is part of the General Ontology for Linguistic Description (GOLD). It is a child concept of http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/CaseProperty. For other relationships among the concepts see: http://linguistics-ontology.org/gold.
Note: To make suggestions with regard to the entire ontology or individual concepts, please visit the GOLD Community website at http://linguistics-ontology.org.
TerminativeCase
TerminativeCase; admitted name
TerminativeCase; Source: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/TerminativeCase; data element name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3522
Identifier: TerminativeCase   Type: simple   Origin: GOLD (General Ontology for Linguistic Description): for the latest version see http://linguistics-ontology.org   Profile: Morphosyntax
Is a: CaseProperty
Definition: Cases expressing spatial relations (also semantic) can be grouped into four broad directional classes: cases expressing location ('at'), goal ('to'), source ('from'), and path ('through, along'). The basic terms for these are: locative, allative, ablative, and perlative. Additionally, the label terminative is used for a movement that goes all the way to its endpoint, and orientative - for a movement that goes only in the direction of its goal. [Kibort 2008b]
Source: [Kibort 2008b]
Note: This concept is part of the General Ontology for Linguistic Description (GOLD). It is a child concept of http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/CaseProperty. For other relationships among the concepts see: http://linguistics-ontology.org/gold.
Note: To make suggestions with regard to the entire ontology or individual concepts, please visit the GOLD Community website at http://linguistics-ontology.org.
TranslativeCase
TranslativeCase; admitted name
TranslativeCase; Source: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/TranslativeCase; data element name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3534
Identifier: TranslativeCase   Type: simple   Origin: GOLD (General Ontology for Linguistic Description): for the latest version see http://linguistics-ontology.org   Profile: Morphosyntax
Is a: CaseProperty
Definition: TranslativeCase expresses that the referent of the noun, or the quality of the adjective, that it marks is the result of a process of change [Lyons 1968: 299-301; Sebeok 1946: 17; Hakulinen 1961: 70]. X along, across Y.
Source: [Lyons 1968: 299-301; Sebeok 1946: 17; Hakulinen 1961: 70]
Note: This concept is part of the General Ontology for Linguistic Description (GOLD). It is a child concept of http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/CaseProperty. For other relationships among the concepts see: http://linguistics-ontology.org/gold.
Note: To make suggestions with regard to the entire ontology or individual concepts, please visit the GOLD Community website at http://linguistics-ontology.org.
VocativeCase
VocativeCase; admitted name
VocativeCase; Source: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/VocativeCase; data element name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3550
Identifier: VocativeCase   Type: simple   Origin: GOLD (General Ontology for Linguistic Description): for the latest version see http://linguistics-ontology.org   Profile: Morphosyntax
Is a: CaseProperty
Definition: VocativeCase marks a noun whose referent is being addressed [Crystal 1980: 377; Hartmann and Stork 1972: 251; Pei and Gaynor 1954: 228].
Source: [Crystal 1980: 377; Hartmann and Stork 1972: 251; Pei and Gaynor 1954: 228]
Note: This concept is part of the General Ontology for Linguistic Description (GOLD). It is a child concept of http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/CaseProperty. For other relationships among the concepts see: http://linguistics-ontology.org/gold.
Note: To make suggestions with regard to the entire ontology or individual concepts, please visit the GOLD Community website at http://linguistics-ontology.org.
EvaluativeProperty
EvaluativeProperty; admitted name
EvaluativeProperty; Source: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/EvaluativeProperty; data element name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3184
Identifier: EvaluativeProperty   Type: simple   Origin: GOLD (General Ontology for Linguistic Description): for the latest version see http://linguistics-ontology.org   Profile: Morphosyntax
Definition: A term used in semantics for a type of modality where propositions express the speaker’s attitude (e.g. surprise, regret) towards what is being said. [Crystal 2003: 168]
Source: [Crystal 2003: 168]
Note: This concept is part of the General Ontology for Linguistic Description (GOLD). It is a child concept of http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/MorphosyntacticProperty. For other relationships among the concepts see: http://linguistics-ontology.org/gold.
Note: To make suggestions with regard to the entire ontology or individual concepts, please visit the GOLD Community website at http://linguistics-ontology.org.
PejorativeEvaluative
PejorativeEvaluative; admitted name
PejorativeEvaluative; Source: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/PejorativeEvaluative; data element name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3380
Identifier: PejorativeEvaluative   Type: simple   Origin: GOLD (General Ontology for Linguistic Description): for the latest version see http://linguistics-ontology.org   Profile: Morphosyntax
Is a: EvaluativeProperty
Definition: An evaluative property of a noun that indicates the speaker regards the person or object being referred to with distaste, contempt, or displeasure [Valentine 2001: 190-193].
Source: [Valentine 2001: 190-193]
Note: This concept is part of the General Ontology for Linguistic Description (GOLD). It is a child concept of http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/EvaluativeProperty. For other relationships among the concepts see: http://linguistics-ontology.org/gold.
Note: To make suggestions with regard to the entire ontology or individual concepts, please visit the GOLD Community website at http://linguistics-ontology.org.
PreferredEvaluative
PreferredEvaluative; admitted name
PreferredEvaluative; Source: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/PreferredEvaluative; data element name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3416
Identifier: PreferredEvaluative   Type: simple   Origin: GOLD (General Ontology for Linguistic Description): for the latest version see http://linguistics-ontology.org   Profile: Morphosyntax
Is a: EvaluativeProperty
Definition: An evaluative property of a noun that indicates the speaker regards the person or object being referred to with favor or admiration.
Source: [GOLD 2010]
Note: This concept is part of the General Ontology for Linguistic Description (GOLD). It is a child concept of http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/EvaluativeProperty. For other relationships among the concepts see: http://linguistics-ontology.org/gold.
Note: To make suggestions with regard to the entire ontology or individual concepts, please visit the GOLD Community website at http://linguistics-ontology.org.
EvidentialityProperty
EvidentialityProperty; admitted name
EvidentialityProperty; Source: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/EvidentialityProperty; data element name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3185
Identifier: EvidentialityProperty   Type: simple   Origin: GOLD (General Ontology for Linguistic Description): for the latest version see http://linguistics-ontology.org   Profile: Morphosyntax
Definition: Evidentiality denotes the basis that the speaker has for claiming that the event has occurred (or is going to take place). Appear to show a greater number of distinctions in the realis mood (especially in the past tense) than the irrealis mood. [Bhat 1999: 63-64, 70]
Source: [Bhat 1999: 63-64, 70]
Note: This concept is part of the General Ontology for Linguistic Description (GOLD). It is a child concept of http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/MorphosyntacticProperty. For other relationships among the concepts see: http://linguistics-ontology.org/gold.
Note: To make suggestions with regard to the entire ontology or individual concepts, please visit the GOLD Community website at http://linguistics-ontology.org.
AssumptiveEvidentiality
AssumptiveEvidentiality; admitted name
AssumptiveEvidentiality; Source: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/AssumptiveEvidentiality; data element name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3091
Identifier: AssumptiveEvidentiality   Type: simple   Origin: GOLD (General Ontology for Linguistic Description): for the latest version see http://linguistics-ontology.org   Profile: Morphosyntax
Is a: EvidentialityProperty
Definition: One of the three types of judgment common in languages, that indicates inference from what is generally known. English has the contrast between Deductive and Assumptive, as shown in: 'John must be in his office', 'John'll be in his office'. Schlichter comments that the speaker believes the case to be true…in the case of the Assumptive ‘because of his experience with similar situations, regular patterns, or repeated circumstances common in human life’. It is used when the speaker has prior knowledge about the state of things or about habitual or general 'behavior patterns', but 'only when no information about the state or event is being or has been received'. In that sense it is the negative member of the evidential system, used when no ready evidence is available. [Palmer 2001: 24-25; 30; 51]
Source: [Palmer 2001: 24-25; 30; 51]
Note: This concept is part of the General Ontology for Linguistic Description (GOLD). It is a child concept of http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/EvidentialityProperty. For other relationships among the concepts see: http://linguistics-ontology.org/gold.
Note: To make suggestions with regard to the entire ontology or individual concepts, please visit the GOLD Community website at http://linguistics-ontology.org.
AuditoryEvidentiality
AuditoryEvidentiality; admitted name
AuditoryEvidentiality; Source: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/AuditoryEvidentiality; data element name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3093
Identifier: AuditoryEvidentiality   Type: simple   Origin: GOLD (General Ontology for Linguistic Description): for the latest version see http://linguistics-ontology.org   Profile: Morphosyntax
Is a: EvidentialityProperty
Definition: AuditoryEvidentiality encodes the fact that the speaker came to believe the content of the expression through direct auditory experience; they heard it. This does not include spoken reported accounts, but only direct sensory evidence, such as the situation of 'hearing a tree fall' [Palmer 2001: 38].
Source: [Palmer 2001: 38]
Note: This concept is part of the General Ontology for Linguistic Description (GOLD). It is a child concept of http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/EvidentialityProperty. For other relationships among the concepts see: http://linguistics-ontology.org/gold.
Note: To make suggestions with regard to the entire ontology or individual concepts, please visit the GOLD Community website at http://linguistics-ontology.org.
DeductiveEvidentiality
DeductiveEvidentiality; admitted name
DeductiveEvidentiality; Source: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/DeductiveEvidentiality; data element name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3150
Identifier: DeductiveEvidentiality   Type: simple   Origin: GOLD (General Ontology for Linguistic Description): for the latest version see http://linguistics-ontology.org   Profile: Morphosyntax
Is a: EvidentialityProperty
Definition: DeductiveEvidentiality encodes the fact that the speaker came to believe the content of the expression through a sound inference procedure. [Palmer 2001: 6-8].
Source: [Palmer 2001: 6-8]
Note: This concept is part of the General Ontology for Linguistic Description (GOLD). It is a child concept of http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/EvidentialityProperty. For other relationships among the concepts see: http://linguistics-ontology.org/gold.
Note: To make suggestions with regard to the entire ontology or individual concepts, please visit the GOLD Community website at http://linguistics-ontology.org.
DirectEvidentiality
DirectEvidentiality; admitted name
DirectEvidentiality; Source: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/DirectEvidentiality; data element name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3164
Identifier: DirectEvidentiality   Type: simple   Origin: GOLD (General Ontology for Linguistic Description): for the latest version see http://linguistics-ontology.org   Profile: Morphosyntax
Is a: EvidentialityProperty
Definition: DirectEvidential, also called sensory, encodes the fact that the speaker came to believe the content of the expression by having direct sensory experience of some situation; this does not include hearing about it from someone else [Palmer 2001: 35-36].
Source: [Palmer 2001: 35-36]
Note: This concept is part of the General Ontology for Linguistic Description (GOLD). It is a child concept of http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/EvidentialityProperty. For other relationships among the concepts see: http://linguistics-ontology.org/gold.
Note: To make suggestions with regard to the entire ontology or individual concepts, please visit the GOLD Community website at http://linguistics-ontology.org.
FolkloreEvidentiality
FolkloreEvidentiality; admitted name
FolkloreEvidentiality; Source: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/FolkloreEvidentiality; data element name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3202
Identifier: FolkloreEvidentiality   Type: simple   Origin: GOLD (General Ontology for Linguistic Description): for the latest version see http://linguistics-ontology.org   Profile: Morphosyntax
Is a: EvidentialityProperty
Definition: FolkloreEvidentiality encodes the fact that the speaker came to believe the content of the expression through legend, folklore or some other established tradition [Palmer 2001: 40].
Source: [Palmer 2001: 40]
Note: This concept is part of the General Ontology for Linguistic Description (GOLD). It is a child concept of http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/EvidentialityProperty. For other relationships among the concepts see: http://linguistics-ontology.org/gold.
Note: To make suggestions with regard to the entire ontology or individual concepts, please visit the GOLD Community website at http://linguistics-ontology.org.
HearsayEvidentiality
HearsayEvidentiality; admitted name
HearsayEvidentiality; Source: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/HearsayEvidentiality; data element name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3233
Identifier: HearsayEvidentiality   Type: simple   Origin: GOLD (General Ontology for Linguistic Description): for the latest version see http://linguistics-ontology.org   Profile: Morphosyntax
Is a: EvidentialityProperty
Definition: HearsayEvidentiality, also called third hand, encodes the fact that the speaker came to believe the content of the expression from a source generally considered less reliable than with a SecondHandEvidential [Palmer 2001: 40].
Source: [Palmer 2001: 40]
Note: This concept is part of the General Ontology for Linguistic Description (GOLD). It is a child concept of http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/EvidentialityProperty. For other relationships among the concepts see: http://linguistics-ontology.org/gold.
Note: To make suggestions with regard to the entire ontology or individual concepts, please visit the GOLD Community website at http://linguistics-ontology.org.
IndirectEvidentiality
IndirectEvidentiality; admitted name
IndirectEvidentiality; Source: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/IndirectEvidentiality; data element name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3256
Identifier: IndirectEvidentiality   Type: simple   Origin: GOLD (General Ontology for Linguistic Description): for the latest version see http://linguistics-ontology.org   Profile: Morphosyntax
Is a: EvidentialityProperty
Definition: IndirectEvidentiality, also called reported, encodes the fact that the speaker came to believe the content of the expression from a source other than by experiencing the situation directly [Palmer 2001: 40].
Source: [Palmer 2001: 40]
Note: This concept is part of the General Ontology for Linguistic Description (GOLD). It is a child concept of http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/EvidentialityProperty. For other relationships among the concepts see: http://linguistics-ontology.org/gold.
Note: To make suggestions with regard to the entire ontology or individual concepts, please visit the GOLD Community website at http://linguistics-ontology.org.
InferentialEvidentiality
InferentialEvidentiality; admitted name
InferentialEvidentiality; Source: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/InferentialEvidentiality; data element name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3258
Identifier: InferentialEvidentiality   Type: simple   Origin: GOLD (General Ontology for Linguistic Description): for the latest version see http://linguistics-ontology.org   Profile: Morphosyntax
Is a: EvidentialityProperty
Definition: InferentialEvidentiality encodes the fact that the speaker came to believe the content of the expression through some kind of internal inference procedure, e.g., deduction, abduction, induction [Palmer 2001: 6-8].
Source: [Palmer 2001: 6-8]
Note: This concept is part of the General Ontology for Linguistic Description (GOLD). It is a child concept of http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/EvidentialityProperty. For other relationships among the concepts see: http://linguistics-ontology.org/gold.
Note: To make suggestions with regard to the entire ontology or individual concepts, please visit the GOLD Community website at http://linguistics-ontology.org.
OtherSourceEvidentiality
OtherSourceEvidentiality; admitted name
OtherSourceEvidentiality; Source: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/OtherSourceEvidentiality; data element name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3367
Identifier: OtherSourceEvidentiality   Type: simple   Origin: GOLD (General Ontology for Linguistic Description): for the latest version see http://linguistics-ontology.org   Profile: Morphosyntax
Is a: EvidentialityProperty
Definition: An indication that the source of information is someone other than the speaker. [Aikhenvald 2006: 106]
Source: [Aikhenvald 2006: 106]
Note: This concept is part of the General Ontology for Linguistic Description (GOLD). It is a child concept of http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/EvidentialityProperty. For other relationships among the concepts see: http://linguistics-ontology.org/gold.
Note: To make suggestions with regard to the entire ontology or individual concepts, please visit the GOLD Community website at http://linguistics-ontology.org.
OtherThanVisualEvidentiality
OtherThanVisualEvidentiality; admitted name
OtherThanVisualEvidentiality; Source: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/OtherThanVisualEvidentiality; data element name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3368
Identifier: OtherThanVisualEvidentiality   Type: simple   Origin: GOLD (General Ontology for Linguistic Description): for the latest version see http://linguistics-ontology.org   Profile: Morphosyntax
Is a: EvidentialityProperty
Definition: OtherThanVisualEvidentiality encodes the fact that the speaker came to believe the content of the expression directly in a way other than through visual experience; they heard it, smelled it, tasted it, etc. [Palmer 2001: 36, 57].
Source: [Palmer 2001: 36, 57]
Note: This concept is part of the General Ontology for Linguistic Description (GOLD). It is a child concept of http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/EvidentialityProperty. For other relationships among the concepts see: http://linguistics-ontology.org/gold.
Note: To make suggestions with regard to the entire ontology or individual concepts, please visit the GOLD Community website at http://linguistics-ontology.org.
SecondHandEvidentiality
SecondHandEvidentiality; admitted name
SecondHandEvidentiality; Source: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/SecondHandEvidentiality; data element name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3462
Identifier: SecondHandEvidentiality   Type: simple   Origin: GOLD (General Ontology for Linguistic Description): for the latest version see http://linguistics-ontology.org   Profile: Morphosyntax
Is a: EvidentialityProperty
Definition: SecondHandEvidentiality, also called the quotative, encodes the fact that the speaker came to believe the content of the expression from communicating with someone else [Palmer 2001: 40].
Source: [Palmer 2001: 40]
Note: This concept is part of the General Ontology for Linguistic Description (GOLD). It is a child concept of http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/EvidentialityProperty. For other relationships among the concepts see: http://linguistics-ontology.org/gold.
Note: To make suggestions with regard to the entire ontology or individual concepts, please visit the GOLD Community website at http://linguistics-ontology.org.
VisualEvidentiality
VisualEvidentiality; admitted name
VisualEvidentiality; Source: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/VisualEvidentiality; data element name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3549
Identifier: VisualEvidentiality   Type: simple   Origin: GOLD (General Ontology for Linguistic Description): for the latest version see http://linguistics-ontology.org   Profile: Morphosyntax
Is a: EvidentialityProperty
Definition: VisualEvidentiality encodes the fact that the speaker came to believe the content of the expression through direct visual experience; they saw it [Palmer 2001: 57].
Source: [Palmer 2001: 57]
Note: This concept is part of the General Ontology for Linguistic Description (GOLD). It is a child concept of http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/EvidentialityProperty. For other relationships among the concepts see: http://linguistics-ontology.org/gold.
Note: To make suggestions with regard to the entire ontology or individual concepts, please visit the GOLD Community website at http://linguistics-ontology.org.
ForceProperty
ForceProperty; admitted name
ForceProperty; Source: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/ForceProperty; data element name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3204
Identifier: ForceProperty   Type: simple   Origin: GOLD (General Ontology for Linguistic Description): for the latest version see http://linguistics-ontology.org   Profile: Morphosyntax
Definition: ForceProperty is the class of properties that concern the grammatical encoding of the speech act associated with a proposition. Among the traditionally defined values are Declarative, Imperative and Interrogative. Force is here distinguished from Mood, but there is a close association of Mood with Force values, e.g. between IndicativeMood and DeclarativeForce.
Source: [GOLD 2010]
Note: This concept is part of the General Ontology for Linguistic Description (GOLD). It is a child concept of http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/MorphosyntacticProperty. For other relationships among the concepts see: http://linguistics-ontology.org/gold.
Note: To make suggestions with regard to the entire ontology or individual concepts, please visit the GOLD Community website at http://linguistics-ontology.org.
ActionalForce
ActionalForce; admitted name
ActionalForce; Source: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/ActionalForce; data element name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3063
Identifier: ActionalForce   Type: simple   Origin: GOLD (General Ontology for Linguistic Description): for the latest version see http://linguistics-ontology.org   Profile: Morphosyntax
Is a: ForceProperty
Definition: ActionalForce indicates that the speaker or hearer is to undertake some action. Actional force subsumes Imperative, Commissive and Hortatory force.
Source: [GOLD 2010]
Note: This concept is part of the General Ontology for Linguistic Description (GOLD). It is a child concept of http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/ForceProperty. For other relationships among the concepts see: http://linguistics-ontology.org/gold.
Note: To make suggestions with regard to the entire ontology or individual concepts, please visit the GOLD Community website at http://linguistics-ontology.org.
CommissiveForce
CommissiveForce; admitted name
CommissiveForce; Source: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/CommissiveForce; data element name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3120
Identifier: CommissiveForce   Type: simple   Origin: GOLD (General Ontology for Linguistic Description): for the latest version see http://linguistics-ontology.org   Profile: Morphosyntax
Is a: ForceProperty
Definition: CommisiveForce indicates that the speaker promises or threatens to perform some action [Palmer 2001: 10, 72].
Source: [Palmer 2001: 10, 72]
Note: This concept is part of the General Ontology for Linguistic Description (GOLD). It is a child concept of http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/ForceProperty. For other relationships among the concepts see: http://linguistics-ontology.org/gold.
Note: To make suggestions with regard to the entire ontology or individual concepts, please visit the GOLD Community website at http://linguistics-ontology.org.
DeclarativeForce
DeclarativeForce; admitted name
DeclarativeForce; Source: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/DeclarativeForce; data element name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3149
Identifier: DeclarativeForce   Type: simple   Origin: GOLD (General Ontology for Linguistic Description): for the latest version see http://linguistics-ontology.org   Profile: Morphosyntax
Is a: ForceProperty
Definition: Declarative force marks an unqualified assertion. This form is generally unmarked for modality, and thus may also be seen as Realis, while modal forms are Irrealis. In English, the Declarative is marked by the absence of a modal verb, although it will be marked for the other verbal categories, tense and aspect. [Palmer 2001: 64]
Source: [Palmer 2001: 64]
Definition: A term used in the grammatical classification of sentence types, and usually seen in contrast to imperative, interrogative, etc. It refers to verb forms or sentence/clause types typically used in the expression of statements, e.g. 'the man is walking'. The term 'indicative' is also sometimes used in this sense. [Crystal 2003: 124]
Source: [Crystal 2003: 124]
Note: This concept is part of the General Ontology for Linguistic Description (GOLD). It is a child concept of http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/ForceProperty. For other relationships among the concepts see: http://linguistics-ontology.org/gold.
Note: To make suggestions with regard to the entire ontology or individual concepts, please visit the GOLD Community website at http://linguistics-ontology.org.
HortatoryForce
HortatoryForce; admitted name
HortatoryForce; Source: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/HortatoryForce; data element name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3239
Identifier: HortatoryForce   Type: simple   Origin: GOLD (General Ontology for Linguistic Description): for the latest version see http://linguistics-ontology.org   Profile: Morphosyntax
Is a: ForceProperty
Definition: A term sometimes used in the grammatical analysis of verbs, to refer to a type of modal meaning in which an exhortation is made. An example of a hortative usage ('a hortative') is the 'let us' construction in English ('let us pray'). [Crystal 2008: 232]
Source: [Crystal 2008: 232]
Note: This concept is part of the General Ontology for Linguistic Description (GOLD). It is a child concept of http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/ForceProperty. For other relationships among the concepts see: http://linguistics-ontology.org/gold.
Note: To make suggestions with regard to the entire ontology or individual concepts, please visit the GOLD Community website at http://linguistics-ontology.org.
ImperativeForce
ImperativeForce; admitted name
ImperativeForce; Source: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/ImperativeForce; data element name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3245
Identifier: ImperativeForce   Type: simple   Origin: GOLD (General Ontology for Linguistic Description): for the latest version see http://linguistics-ontology.org   Profile: Morphosyntax
Is a: ForceProperty
Definition: A term used in the grammatical classification of sentence types, and usually seen in contrast to indicative, interrogative, etc. An imperative usage (‘an imperative’) refers to verb forms or sentence/clause types typically used in the expression of commands, e.g. 'Go away!' [Crystal 2008: 23]
Source: [Crystal 2008: 23]
Note: This concept is part of the General Ontology for Linguistic Description (GOLD). It is a child concept of http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/ForceProperty. For other relationships among the concepts see: http://linguistics-ontology.org/gold.
Note: To make suggestions with regard to the entire ontology or individual concepts, please visit the GOLD Community website at http://linguistics-ontology.org.
InformationalForce
InformationalForce; admitted name
InformationalForce; Source: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/InformationalForce; data element name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3261
Identifier: InformationalForce   Type: simple   Origin: GOLD (General Ontology for Linguistic Description): for the latest version see http://linguistics-ontology.org   Profile: Morphosyntax
Is a: ForceProperty
Definition: InformationalForce indicates that the hearer is to relate to the informational content of what is expressed. Informational force subsumes Declarative, Speculative and Interrogative force.
Source: [GOLD 2010]
Note: This concept is part of the General Ontology for Linguistic Description (GOLD). It is a child concept of http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/ForceProperty. For other relationships among the concepts see: http://linguistics-ontology.org/gold.
Note: To make suggestions with regard to the entire ontology or individual concepts, please visit the GOLD Community website at http://linguistics-ontology.org.
InterrogativeForce
InterrogativeForce; admitted name
InterrogativeForce; Source: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/InterrogativeForce; data element name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3270
Identifier: InterrogativeForce   Type: simple   Origin: GOLD (General Ontology for Linguistic Description): for the latest version see http://linguistics-ontology.org   Profile: Morphosyntax
Is a: ForceProperty
Definition: A term used in the grammatical classification of sentence types, and usually seen in contrast to declarative. It refers to verb forms or sentence/clause types typically used in the expression of questions, e.g. the inverted order of 'is he coming?' or the use of an interrogative word (or simple ‘interrogative’), often subclassified as interrogative adjectives (e.g. which), adverbs (e.g. why) and pronouns (e.g. who). [Crystal 2008: 245]
Source: [Crystal 2008: 245]
Note: This concept is part of the General Ontology for Linguistic Description (GOLD). It is a child concept of http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/ForceProperty. For other relationships among the concepts see: http://linguistics-ontology.org/gold.
Note: To make suggestions with regard to the entire ontology or individual concepts, please visit the GOLD Community website at http://linguistics-ontology.org.
JussiveForce
JussiveForce; admitted name
JussiveForce; Source: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/JussiveForce; data element name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3283
Identifier: JussiveForce   Type: simple   Origin: GOLD (General Ontology for Linguistic Description): for the latest version see http://linguistics-ontology.org   Profile: Morphosyntax
Is a: ForceProperty
Definition: The jussive has syntactic force and is directive in that it signals a speaker's command, permission, or agreement that the proposition expressed by his or her utterance be brought about. The jussive is typically applicable in the first and third person. [Chung and Timberlake 1985: 247; Pei and Gaynor 1954: 110; Palmer 1986: 10, 24, 39-40, 96, 110, 113, Schade 2005: 52]
Source: [Chung and Timberlake 1985: 247; Pei and Gaynor 1954: 110; Palmer 1986: 10, 24, 39-40, 96, 110, 113, Schade 2005: 52]
Note: This concept is part of the General Ontology for Linguistic Description (GOLD). It is a child concept of http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/ForceProperty. For other relationships among the concepts see: http://linguistics-ontology.org/gold.
Note: To make suggestions with regard to the entire ontology or individual concepts, please visit the GOLD Community website at http://linguistics-ontology.org.
SpeculativeForce
SpeculativeForce; admitted name
SpeculativeForce; Source: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/SpeculativeForce; data element name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3482
Identifier: SpeculativeForce   Type: simple   Origin: GOLD (General Ontology for Linguistic Description): for the latest version see http://linguistics-ontology.org   Profile: Morphosyntax
Is a: ForceProperty
Definition: SpeculativeForce indicates that the speaker considers, or 'entertains', the content of the expression. That is, it is in the realm of possibility, though the speaker does not necessarilty believe it. [Palmer 2001: 6-8, 25]
Source: [Palmer 2001: 6-8, 25]
Note: This concept is part of the General Ontology for Linguistic Description (GOLD). It is a child concept of http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/ForceProperty. For other relationships among the concepts see: http://linguistics-ontology.org/gold.
Note: To make suggestions with regard to the entire ontology or individual concepts, please visit the GOLD Community website at http://linguistics-ontology.org.
VolitiveForce
VolitiveForce; admitted name
VolitiveForce; Source: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/VolitiveForce; data element name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3555
Identifier: VolitiveForce   Type: simple   Origin: GOLD (General Ontology for Linguistic Description): for the latest version see http://linguistics-ontology.org   Profile: Morphosyntax
Is a: ForceProperty
Definition: VolitiveForce indicates that the speaker is willing to perform some action [Palmer 2001: 76].
Source: [Palmer 2001: 76]
Note: This concept is part of the General Ontology for Linguistic Description (GOLD). It is a child concept of http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/ForceProperty. For other relationships among the concepts see: http://linguistics-ontology.org/gold.
Note: To make suggestions with regard to the entire ontology or individual concepts, please visit the GOLD Community website at http://linguistics-ontology.org.
GenderProperty
GenderProperty; admitted name
GenderProperty; Source: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/GenderProperty; data element name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3217
Identifier: GenderProperty   Type: simple   Origin: GOLD (General Ontology for Linguistic Description): for the latest version see http://linguistics-ontology.org   Profile: Morphosyntax
Definition: GenderProperty is the class of properties that are assigned to nouns on the basis of their inherent properties by an AssignmentSystem and required by the syntax to appear on the target in an AgreementSystem. Gender may but need not be assigned on the basis of sex [Corbett 1991].
Source: [Corbett 1991]
Note: This concept is part of the General Ontology for Linguistic Description (GOLD). It is a child concept of http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/MorphosyntacticProperty. For other relationships among the concepts see: http://linguistics-ontology.org/gold.
Note: To make suggestions with regard to the entire ontology or individual concepts, please visit the GOLD Community website at http://linguistics-ontology.org.
AnimateGender
AnimateGender; admitted name
AnimateGender; Source: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/AnimateGender; data element name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3077
Identifier: AnimateGender   Type: simple   Origin: GOLD (General Ontology for Linguistic Description): for the latest version see http://linguistics-ontology.org   Profile: Morphosyntax
Is a: GenderProperty
Definition: A grammatical gender property assigned to a class of nouns with animate denotation. In a given language it may include larger or smaller numbers of nouns which do not meet this semantic criterion. The animate gender may occur in a two-gender system, with the other gender being labeled inanimate. However, the animate gender may also occur in larger inventories (i.e. greater than two values). Examples of these larger systems are found in Bantu languages (where nouns denoting humans are included in the animate gender) and in languages of Daghestan (where the animate gender is typically for non-human animates) [Corbett 1991: 20-32].
Source: [Corbett 1991: 20-32]
Note: This concept is part of the General Ontology for Linguistic Description (GOLD). It is a child concept of http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/GenderProperty. For other relationships among the concepts see: http://linguistics-ontology.org/gold.
Note: To make suggestions with regard to the entire ontology or individual concepts, please visit the GOLD Community website at http://linguistics-ontology.org.
ArabicNumeralGender
ArabicNumeralGender; admitted name
ArabicNumeralGender; Source: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/ArabicNumeralGender; data element name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3086
Identifier: ArabicNumeralGender   Type: simple   Origin: GOLD (General Ontology for Linguistic Description): for the latest version see http://linguistics-ontology.org   Profile: Morphosyntax
Is a: GenderProperty
Definition: A labeling convention for gender categories. Arabic numerals are often used for languages for which there is a descriptive tradition involving use of the term 'noun class' instead of 'gender', in particular in languages of the Caucasus or Bantu languages; If the 'noun classes' are involved in agreement systems, they are gender systems. Arabic numerals may also be used in instances where another label is possible. For instance, in one language the gender to which nouns with human denotation are assigned might be called 'human', whereas in another language nouns with a similar denotation may be assigned to a gender with an arbitrary Arabic numerical label such as '1'. [Kibort and Corbett 2008a]
Source: [Kibort and Corbett 2008a]
Note: This concept is part of the General Ontology for Linguistic Description (GOLD). It is a child concept of http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/GenderProperty. For other relationships among the concepts see: http://linguistics-ontology.org/gold.
Note: To make suggestions with regard to the entire ontology or individual concepts, please visit the GOLD Community website at http://linguistics-ontology.org.
FeminineGender
FeminineGender; admitted name
FeminineGender; Source: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/FeminineGender; data element name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3197
Identifier: FeminineGender   Type: simple   Origin: GOLD (General Ontology for Linguistic Description): for the latest version see http://linguistics-ontology.org   Profile: Morphosyntax
Is a: GenderProperty
Definition: A gender property established on the basis of agreement, to which nouns may be assigned if 1) they inherently denote females. Additionally, but not necessarily, nouns may be assigned this value if: 2) their formal properties (morphological or phonological) lead them to be assigned to the same agreement pattern as other nouns within the language that have female denotation. 3) they are arbitrarily assigned to the same agreement pattern as other nouns in the language that have female denotation. [Corbett 1991]
Source: [Corbett 1991]
Note: This concept is part of the General Ontology for Linguistic Description (GOLD). It is a child concept of http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/GenderProperty. For other relationships among the concepts see: http://linguistics-ontology.org/gold.
Note: To make suggestions with regard to the entire ontology or individual concepts, please visit the GOLD Community website at http://linguistics-ontology.org.
HumanGender
HumanGender; admitted name
HumanGender; Source: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/HumanGender; data element name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3240
Identifier: HumanGender   Type: simple   Origin: GOLD (General Ontology for Linguistic Description): for the latest version see http://linguistics-ontology.org   Profile: Morphosyntax
Is a: GenderProperty
Definition: A grammatical category used for analysis of word-classes displaying such contrasts as masculine/feminine/neuter, animate/inanimate, etc. It is also important to distinguish natural gender, items referring to the sex of real-world entities, and grammatical gender, which does not always correspond to sex, but which has an important role in signaling grammatical relations between words in a sentence. [Crystal 1985: 133]
Source: [Crystal 1985: 133]
Note: This concept is part of the General Ontology for Linguistic Description (GOLD). It is a child concept of http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/GenderProperty. For other relationships among the concepts see: http://linguistics-ontology.org/gold.
Note: To make suggestions with regard to the entire ontology or individual concepts, please visit the GOLD Community website at http://linguistics-ontology.org.
InanimateGender
InanimateGender; admitted name
InanimateGender; Source: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/InanimateGender; data element name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3250
Identifier: InanimateGender   Type: simple   Origin: GOLD (General Ontology for Linguistic Description): for the latest version see http://linguistics-ontology.org   Profile: Morphosyntax
Is a: GenderProperty
Definition: A grammatical gender property such that membership in the inanimate grammatical class is largely based on meaning, in that non-living things, such as objects of manufacture and natural 'non-living' things are included in it. For example, one of the two grammatical genders, or noun classes, of Nishnaabemwin, the other being animate [Valentine 2001: 114].
Source: [Valentine 2001: 114]
Note: This concept is part of the General Ontology for Linguistic Description (GOLD). It is a child concept of http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/GenderProperty. For other relationships among the concepts see: http://linguistics-ontology.org/gold.
Note: To make suggestions with regard to the entire ontology or individual concepts, please visit the GOLD Community website at http://linguistics-ontology.org.
MasculineGender
MasculineGender; admitted name
MasculineGender; Source: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/MasculineGender; data element name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3312
Identifier: MasculineGender   Type: simple   Origin: GOLD (General Ontology for Linguistic Description): for the latest version see http://linguistics-ontology.org   Profile: Morphosyntax
Is a: GenderProperty
Definition: A gender property established on the basis of agreement, to which nouns may be assigned based on semantic or formal criteria. In semantic gender systems, nouns belonging to the masculine gender typically denote male humans as well as nouns meeting certain physical criteria. Some gender systems differentiate masculine nouns from all other nouns (e.g. masculine/other or male human/other), while others differentiate masculine, feminine and neuter nouns or several different gender classes. [Corbett 1991: 30]
Source: [Corbett 1991: 30]
Note: This concept is part of the General Ontology for Linguistic Description (GOLD). It is a child concept of http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/GenderProperty. For other relationships among the concepts see: http://linguistics-ontology.org/gold.
Note: To make suggestions with regard to the entire ontology or individual concepts, please visit the GOLD Community website at http://linguistics-ontology.org.
NeuterGender
NeuterGender; admitted name
NeuterGender; Source: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/NeuterGender; data element name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3336
Identifier: NeuterGender   Type: simple   Origin: GOLD (General Ontology for Linguistic Description): for the latest version see http://linguistics-ontology.org   Profile: Morphosyntax
Is a: GenderProperty
Definition: A gender property established on the basis of agreement, to which nouns may be assigned, either by a semantic rule, if they belong to the semantic residue of the assignment system, or by a formal rule, if assignment depends on inflectional class membership. Typically, this means that the neuter gender may cover some inanimates and possibly some portion of lower order animates. Note: Although in familiar Indo-European languages the term neuter gender may be part of a system with three or less values, it can be used for systems containing more than three gender values (e.g. Bininj Gunwok). [Kibort and Corbett 2008a]
Source: [Kibort and Corbett 2008a]
Note: This concept is part of the General Ontology for Linguistic Description (GOLD). It is a child concept of http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/GenderProperty. For other relationships among the concepts see: http://linguistics-ontology.org/gold.
Note: To make suggestions with regard to the entire ontology or individual concepts, please visit the GOLD Community website at http://linguistics-ontology.org.
RomanNumeralGender
RomanNumeralGender; admitted name
RomanNumeralGender; Source: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/RomanNumeralGender; data element name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3459
Identifier: RomanNumeralGender   Type: simple   Origin: GOLD (General Ontology for Linguistic Description): for the latest version see http://linguistics-ontology.org   Profile: Morphosyntax
Is a: GenderProperty
Definition: A convention for labeling gender values. Roman numerals are often used for languages for which there is a descriptive tradition involving use of the term 'noun class' instead of 'gender', in particular in languages of the Caucasus or Bantu languages, and are particularly useful where the number of genders is large.If the 'noun classes' are involved in agreement systems, they are gender systems. Roman numerals may also be used in instances where another label is possible. In one language the gender to which nouns with male rational denotation are assigned might be called 'masculine', whereas in another language nouns with a similar denotation may be assigned to a gender with an arbitrary Roman numerical label such as 'I'. [Kibort and Corbett 2008a]
Source: [Kibort and Corbett 2008a]
Note: This concept is part of the General Ontology for Linguistic Description (GOLD). It is a child concept of http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/GenderProperty. For other relationships among the concepts see: http://linguistics-ontology.org/gold.
Note: To make suggestions with regard to the entire ontology or individual concepts, please visit the GOLD Community website at http://linguistics-ontology.org.
VegetableGender
VegetableGender; admitted name
VegetableGender; Source: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/VegetableGender; data element name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3541
Identifier: VegetableGender   Type: simple   Origin: GOLD (General Ontology for Linguistic Description): for the latest version see http://linguistics-ontology.org   Profile: Morphosyntax
Is a: GenderProperty
Definition: Vegetable gender refers to inanimates and exists in some four-way gender systems, e.g., masculine, feminine, neuter, and vegetable as in Bininj Gun-wok [Evans 2003: 202].
Source: [Evans 2003: 202]
Note: This concept is part of the General Ontology for Linguistic Description (GOLD). It is a child concept of http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/GenderProperty. For other relationships among the concepts see: http://linguistics-ontology.org/gold.
Note: To make suggestions with regard to the entire ontology or individual concepts, please visit the GOLD Community website at http://linguistics-ontology.org.
ModalityProperty
ModalityProperty; admitted name
ModalityProperty; Source: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/ModalityProperty; data element name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3321
Identifier: ModalityProperty   Type: simple   Origin: GOLD (General Ontology for Linguistic Description): for the latest version see http://linguistics-ontology.org   Profile: Morphosyntax
Definition: ModalityProperty is the class of properties that concern the grammatical encoding of the status of the proposition itself, and not of the event to which the proposition refers, cf. AspectProperty. As a grammatical property, it represents those dimensions in the domains of knowledge (epistemic modality), social relations (deontic modality) and ability (abilitative modality), and possibly others. [Palmer 2001: 1, 7-10]
Source: [Palmer 2001: 1, 7-10]
Note: This concept is part of the General Ontology for Linguistic Description (GOLD). It is a child concept of http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/MorphosyntacticProperty. For other relationships among the concepts see: http://linguistics-ontology.org/gold.
Note: To make suggestions with regard to the entire ontology or individual concepts, please visit the GOLD Community website at http://linguistics-ontology.org.
AbilitativeModality
AbilitativeModality; admitted name
AbilitativeModality; Source: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/AbilitativeModality; data element name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3056
Identifier: AbilitativeModality   Type: simple   Origin: GOLD (General Ontology for Linguistic Description): for the latest version see http://linguistics-ontology.org   Profile: Morphosyntax
Is a: ModalityProperty
Definition: AbilitativeModality indicates the capacity of an agent to perform some action, regardless of type or condition. This is also known as the abilitive.
Source: [GOLD 2010]
Note: This concept is part of the General Ontology for Linguistic Description (GOLD). It is a child concept of http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/ModalityProperty. For other relationships among the concepts see: http://linguistics-ontology.org/gold.
Note: To make suggestions with regard to the entire ontology or individual concepts, please visit the GOLD Community website at http://linguistics-ontology.org.
ConditionalModality
ConditionalModality; admitted name
ConditionalModality; Source: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/ConditionalModality; data element name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3130
Identifier: ConditionalModality   Type: simple   Origin: GOLD (General Ontology for Linguistic Description): for the latest version see http://linguistics-ontology.org   Profile: Morphosyntax
Is a: ModalityProperty
Definition: When describing verbs, this is a term used to indicate expression of an unreal or unfulfilled condition. Some languages use grammatical markers or verb forms to separate real and unreal conditions. [Brown and Miller 1999: 425]
Source: [Brown and Miller 1999: 425]
Note: This concept is part of the General Ontology for Linguistic Description (GOLD). It is a child concept of http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/ModalityProperty. For other relationships among the concepts see: http://linguistics-ontology.org/gold.
Note: To make suggestions with regard to the entire ontology or individual concepts, please visit the GOLD Community website at http://linguistics-ontology.org.
ConditionalPhysicalAbilitiveModality
ConditionalPhysicalAbilitiveModality; admitted name
ConditionalPhysicalAbilitiveModality; Source: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/ConditionalPhysicalAbilitiveModality; data element name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3131
Identifier: ConditionalPhysicalAbilitiveModality   Type: simple   Origin: GOLD (General Ontology for Linguistic Description): for the latest version see http://linguistics-ontology.org   Profile: Morphosyntax
Is a: ModalityProperty
Definition: ConditionalPhysicalAbilitiveModality indicates ability of an agent to perform some action, requiring the presence of conditions external to the agent [Bybee, Perkins and Pagliuca 1994: 177; Palmer 2001: 76].
Source: [Bybee, Perkins and Pagliuca 1994: 177; Palmer 2001: 76]
Note: This concept is part of the General Ontology for Linguistic Description (GOLD). It is a child concept of http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/ModalityProperty. For other relationships among the concepts see: http://linguistics-ontology.org/gold.
Note: To make suggestions with regard to the entire ontology or individual concepts, please visit the GOLD Community website at http://linguistics-ontology.org.
DeonticModality
DeonticModality; admitted name
DeonticModality; Source: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/DeonticModality; data element name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3155
Identifier: DeonticModality   Type: simple   Origin: GOLD (General Ontology for Linguistic Description): for the latest version see http://linguistics-ontology.org   Profile: Morphosyntax
Is a: ModalityProperty
Definition: Deontic modality is concerned with the necessity or possibility of acts performed by morally responsible agents and is thus associated with the social functions of permission and obligation. Deontic modality focuses on the notions of obligation and permission. It is found in directives that grant permission (‘you may go now’) or impose obligations (‘eat your vegetables!’), as well as in statements that report deontic conditions. Deontic modality fails to distinguish subcategories that are expressed inflectionally from lexical or periphrastic expressions of obligation or permission. Deontic modality as traditionally understood excludes certain semantically related notions such as ability and desire that have linguistic expression similar to that of permission and obligation. [Bybee and Fleischman 1995: 4-5]
Source: [Bybee and Fleischman 1995: 4-5]
Note: This concept is part of the General Ontology for Linguistic Description (GOLD). It is a child concept of http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/ModalityProperty. For other relationships among the concepts see: http://linguistics-ontology.org/gold.
Note: To make suggestions with regard to the entire ontology or individual concepts, please visit the GOLD Community website at http://linguistics-ontology.org.
EpistemicNecessityModality
EpistemicNecessityModality; admitted name
EpistemicNecessityModality; Source: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/EpistemicNecessityModality; data element name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3180
Identifier: EpistemicNecessityModality   Type: simple   Origin: GOLD (General Ontology for Linguistic Description): for the latest version see http://linguistics-ontology.org   Profile: Morphosyntax
Is a: ModalityProperty
Definition: EpistemicNecessityModality indicates that the expressed proposition is known to be true. Also known as CategoricalModality [Palmer 2001: 37, 68-69].
Source: [Palmer 2001: 37, 68-69]
Note: This concept is part of the General Ontology for Linguistic Description (GOLD). It is a child concept of http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/ModalityProperty. For other relationships among the concepts see: http://linguistics-ontology.org/gold.
Note: To make suggestions with regard to the entire ontology or individual concepts, please visit the GOLD Community website at http://linguistics-ontology.org.
EpistemicPossibilityModality
EpistemicPossibilityModality; admitted name
EpistemicPossibilityModality; Source: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/EpistemicPossibilityModality; data element name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3181
Identifier: EpistemicPossibilityModality   Type: simple   Origin: GOLD (General Ontology for Linguistic Description): for the latest version see http://linguistics-ontology.org   Profile: Morphosyntax
Is a: ModalityProperty
Definition: EpistemicPossibilityModality indicates that the designated state of affairs is not known not to be true.
Source: [GOLD 2010]
Note: This concept is part of the General Ontology for Linguistic Description (GOLD). It is a child concept of http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/ModalityProperty. For other relationships among the concepts see: http://linguistics-ontology.org/gold.
Note: To make suggestions with regard to the entire ontology or individual concepts, please visit the GOLD Community website at http://linguistics-ontology.org.
MentalAbilitiveModality
MentalAbilitiveModality; admitted name
MentalAbilitiveModality; Source: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/MentalAbilitiveModality; data element name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3313
Identifier: MentalAbilitiveModality   Type: simple   Origin: GOLD (General Ontology for Linguistic Description): for the latest version see http://linguistics-ontology.org   Profile: Morphosyntax
Is a: ModalityProperty
Definition: MentalAbilitiveModality indicates that an agent has the capacity to perform some mental action [Bybee, Perkins and Pagliuca 1994: 192; Palmer 2001: 77].
Source: [Bybee, Perkins and Pagliuca 1994: 192; Palmer 2001: 77]
Note: This concept is part of the General Ontology for Linguistic Description (GOLD). It is a child concept of http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/ModalityProperty. For other relationships among the concepts see: http://linguistics-ontology.org/gold.
Note: To make suggestions with regard to the entire ontology or individual concepts, please visit the GOLD Community website at http://linguistics-ontology.org.
NecessityModality
NecessityModality; admitted name
NecessityModality; Source: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/NecessityModality; data element name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3333
Identifier: NecessityModality   Type: simple   Origin: GOLD (General Ontology for Linguistic Description): for the latest version see http://linguistics-ontology.org   Profile: Morphosyntax
Is a: ModalityProperty
Definition: NecessityModality indicates that the described state of affairs is necessary [Palmer 2001: 89-90], either directly, or because of a requirement on the part of an agent [Bybee, Perkins and Pagliuca 1994: 177].
Source: [Palmer 2001: 89-90; Bybee, Perkins and Pagliuca 1994: 177; ]
Note: This concept is part of the General Ontology for Linguistic Description (GOLD). It is a child concept of http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/ModalityProperty. For other relationships among the concepts see: http://linguistics-ontology.org/gold.
Note: To make suggestions with regard to the entire ontology or individual concepts, please visit the GOLD Community website at http://linguistics-ontology.org.
ObligativeModality
ObligativeModality; admitted name
ObligativeModality; Source: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/ObligativeModality; data element name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3356
Identifier: ObligativeModality   Type: simple   Origin: GOLD (General Ontology for Linguistic Description): for the latest version see http://linguistics-ontology.org   Profile: Morphosyntax
Is a: ModalityProperty
Definition: ObligativeModality indicates that an agent is required to perform the action expressed by the predicate [Bybee, Perkins and Pagliuca 1994: 177; Palmer 2001: 71].
Source: [Bybee, Perkins and Pagliuca 1994: 177; Palmer 2001: 71]
Note: This concept is part of the General Ontology for Linguistic Description (GOLD). It is a child concept of http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/ModalityProperty. For other relationships among the concepts see: http://linguistics-ontology.org/gold.
Note: To make suggestions with regard to the entire ontology or individual concepts, please visit the GOLD Community website at http://linguistics-ontology.org.
PermissiveModality
PermissiveModality; admitted name
PermissiveModality; Source: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/PermissiveModality; data element name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3384
Identifier: PermissiveModality   Type: simple   Origin: GOLD (General Ontology for Linguistic Description): for the latest version see http://linguistics-ontology.org   Profile: Morphosyntax
Is a: ModalityProperty
Definition: PermissiveModality indicates that an agent has permission to perform the action expressed by the predicate [Palmer 2001: 10, 71].
Source: [Palmer 2001: 10, 71]
Note: This concept is part of the General Ontology for Linguistic Description (GOLD). It is a child concept of http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/ModalityProperty. For other relationships among the concepts see: http://linguistics-ontology.org/gold.
Note: To make suggestions with regard to the entire ontology or individual concepts, please visit the GOLD Community website at http://linguistics-ontology.org.
PhysicalAbilitiveModality
PhysicalAbilitiveModality; admitted name
PhysicalAbilitiveModality; Source: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/PhysicalAbilitiveModality; data element name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3394
Identifier: PhysicalAbilitiveModality   Type: simple   Origin: GOLD (General Ontology for Linguistic Description): for the latest version see http://linguistics-ontology.org   Profile: Morphosyntax
Is a: ModalityProperty
Definition: PhysicalAbilitiveModality indicates that an agent has the physical capacity to perform some action. [Bybee, Perkins and Pagliuca 1994: 192; Palmer 2001: 77]
Source: [Bybee, Perkins and Pagliuca 1994: 192; Palmer 2001: 77]
Note: This concept is part of the General Ontology for Linguistic Description (GOLD). It is a child concept of http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/ModalityProperty. For other relationships among the concepts see: http://linguistics-ontology.org/gold.
Note: To make suggestions with regard to the entire ontology or individual concepts, please visit the GOLD Community website at http://linguistics-ontology.org.
PossibilityModality
PossibilityModality; admitted name
PossibilityModality; Source: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/PossibilityModality; data element name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3408
Identifier: PossibilityModality   Type: simple   Origin: GOLD (General Ontology for Linguistic Description): for the latest version see http://linguistics-ontology.org   Profile: Morphosyntax
Is a: ModalityProperty
Definition: PossibilityModality indicates that the designated state of affairs is possible [Palmer 2001: 89-90], either directly, or because an agent has the ability or permission to carry it out [Bybee, Perkins and Pagliuca 1994: 177].
Source: [Palmer 2001: 89-90; Bybee, Perkins and Pagliuca 1994: 177; ]
Note: This concept is part of the General Ontology for Linguistic Description (GOLD). It is a child concept of http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/ModalityProperty. For other relationships among the concepts see: http://linguistics-ontology.org/gold.
Note: To make suggestions with regard to the entire ontology or individual concepts, please visit the GOLD Community website at http://linguistics-ontology.org.
WeakObligativeModality
WeakObligativeModality; admitted name
WeakObligativeModality; Source: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/WeakObligativeModality; data element name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3557
Identifier: WeakObligativeModality   Type: simple   Origin: GOLD (General Ontology for Linguistic Description): for the latest version see http://linguistics-ontology.org   Profile: Morphosyntax
Is a: ModalityProperty
Definition: WeakObligativeModality indicates that an agent is under a moral obligation to perform the action expressed by the predicate [Bybee, Perkins and Pagliuca 1994: 186-187].
Source: [Bybee, Perkins and Pagliuca 1994: 186-187]
Note: This concept is part of the General Ontology for Linguistic Description (GOLD). It is a child concept of http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/ModalityProperty. For other relationships among the concepts see: http://linguistics-ontology.org/gold.
Note: To make suggestions with regard to the entire ontology or individual concepts, please visit the GOLD Community website at http://linguistics-ontology.org.
NumberProperty
NumberProperty; admitted name
NumberProperty; Source: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/NumberProperty; data element name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3351
Identifier: NumberProperty   Type: simple   Origin: GOLD (General Ontology for Linguistic Description): for the latest version see http://linguistics-ontology.org   Profile: Morphosyntax
Definition: NumberProperty is the class of properties that concern the grammatical encoding of quantity. It is often found on nouns, pronouns, and verbs and expresses count distinctions--such as 'one' or 'more than one'. The count distinctions typically, but not always, correspond to the actual count of the referents of the marked noun or Pronoun. [Crystal 1980: 245; Hartmann and Stork 1972: 155]
Source: [Crystal 1980: 245; Hartmann and Stork 1972: 155]
Note: This concept is part of the General Ontology for Linguistic Description (GOLD). It is a child concept of http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/MorphosyntacticProperty. For other relationships among the concepts see: http://linguistics-ontology.org/gold.
Note: To make suggestions with regard to the entire ontology or individual concepts, please visit the GOLD Community website at http://linguistics-ontology.org.
DualNumber
DualNumber; admitted name
DualNumber; Source: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/DualNumber; data element name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3173
Identifier: DualNumber   Type: simple   Origin: GOLD (General Ontology for Linguistic Description): for the latest version see http://linguistics-ontology.org   Profile: Morphosyntax
Is a: NumberProperty
Definition: The dual quantifies the denotation of the nominal element by specifying that there are exactly 'two' (as in Upper Sorbian, see [Corbett 2000: 20] for examples and discussion. Additionally, but not necessarily, this value may be assigned on the basis of the formal properties of the nominal element (as in dualia tantum, e.g. mangautek 'scissors' in the Yukon dialect of Central Alaskan Yupik; [Jacobson 1984: 226]). The use of the dual varies across languages which have this value. In some languages, dual may be used to refer to any two entities, but in others it must refer to a natural pair such as eyes, and still in others it must refer to two items unless they are a natural pair [Corbett 2000]. [Kibort and Corbett 2008b]
Source: [Corbett 2000: 20; Jacobson 1984: 226; Corbett 2000; Kibort and Corbett 2008b]
Note: This concept is part of the General Ontology for Linguistic Description (GOLD). It is a child concept of http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/NumberProperty. For other relationships among the concepts see: http://linguistics-ontology.org/gold.
Note: To make suggestions with regard to the entire ontology or individual concepts, please visit the GOLD Community website at http://linguistics-ontology.org.
GeneralNumber
GeneralNumber; admitted name
GeneralNumber; Source: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/GeneralNumber; data element name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3218
Identifier: GeneralNumber   Type: simple   Origin: GOLD (General Ontology for Linguistic Description): for the latest version see http://linguistics-ontology.org   Profile: Morphosyntax
Is a: NumberProperty
Definition: In some languages for which number is less dominant, the meaning of the noun can be expressed without reference to number. Nouns with this marking are designated as outside of the number system, as they are noncommittal as to the number of the noun that they mark. [Corbett 2000: 9-10]
Source: [Corbett 2000: 9-10]
Note: This concept is part of the General Ontology for Linguistic Description (GOLD). It is a child concept of http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/NumberProperty. For other relationships among the concepts see: http://linguistics-ontology.org/gold.
Note: To make suggestions with regard to the entire ontology or individual concepts, please visit the GOLD Community website at http://linguistics-ontology.org.
GreaterPaucalNumber
GreaterPaucalNumber; admitted name
GreaterPaucalNumber; Source: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/GreaterPaucalNumber; data element name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3229
Identifier: GreaterPaucalNumber   Type: simple   Origin: GOLD (General Ontology for Linguistic Description): for the latest version see http://linguistics-ontology.org   Profile: Morphosyntax
Is a: NumberProperty
Definition: GreaterPaucal is a number property that quantifies the denotation of the nominal element so that it specifies that there are a small number of distinct entities, greater than paucalNumber but less than pluralNumber (semantically similar to 'several' in English).
Source: [GOLD 2010]
Note: This concept is part of the General Ontology for Linguistic Description (GOLD). It is a child concept of http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/NumberProperty. For other relationships among the concepts see: http://linguistics-ontology.org/gold.
Note: To make suggestions with regard to the entire ontology or individual concepts, please visit the GOLD Community website at http://linguistics-ontology.org.
GreaterPluralNumber
GreaterPluralNumber; admitted name
GreaterPluralNumber; Source: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/GreaterPluralNumber; data element name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3230
Identifier: GreaterPluralNumber   Type: simple   Origin: GOLD (General Ontology for Linguistic Description): for the latest version see http://linguistics-ontology.org   Profile: Morphosyntax
Is a: NumberProperty
Definition: GreaterPlural is a number property that expresses (a) the fact that there is an excessive number of events or entities denoted by the noun or nominal element, or (b) the fact that the noun or nominal denotes all possible instances. [Kibort and Corbett 2008b]
Source: [Kibort and Corbett 2008b]
Note: This concept is part of the General Ontology for Linguistic Description (GOLD). It is a child concept of http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/NumberProperty. For other relationships among the concepts see: http://linguistics-ontology.org/gold.
Note: To make suggestions with regard to the entire ontology or individual concepts, please visit the GOLD Community website at http://linguistics-ontology.org.
MultalNumber
MultalNumber; admitted name
MultalNumber; Source: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/MultalNumber; data element name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3327
Identifier: MultalNumber   Type: simple   Origin: GOLD (General Ontology for Linguistic Description): for the latest version see http://linguistics-ontology.org   Profile: Morphosyntax
Is a: NumberProperty
Definition: Multal is a number property that refers to a large number of individuals.
Source: [GOLD 2010]
Note: This concept is part of the General Ontology for Linguistic Description (GOLD). It is a child concept of http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/NumberProperty. For other relationships among the concepts see: http://linguistics-ontology.org/gold.
Note: To make suggestions with regard to the entire ontology or individual concepts, please visit the GOLD Community website at http://linguistics-ontology.org.
PaucalNumber
PaucalNumber; admitted name
PaucalNumber; Source: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/PaucalNumber; data element name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3379
Identifier: PaucalNumber   Type: simple   Origin: GOLD (General Ontology for Linguistic Description): for the latest version see http://linguistics-ontology.org   Profile: Morphosyntax
Is a: NumberProperty
Definition: A category of number denoting the concept 'a few', more than two and usually less than seven, but the exact number varies widely according to context. Prototypically, it refers to a class of three to five individuals and is always restricted to humans. [Hartmann and Stork 1972: 166; Corbett 2000: 23]
Source: [Hartmann and Stork 1972: 166; Corbett 2000: 23]
Note: This concept is part of the General Ontology for Linguistic Description (GOLD). It is a child concept of http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/NumberProperty. For other relationships among the concepts see: http://linguistics-ontology.org/gold.
Note: To make suggestions with regard to the entire ontology or individual concepts, please visit the GOLD Community website at http://linguistics-ontology.org.
PluralNumber
PluralNumber; admitted name
PluralNumber; Source: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/PluralNumber; data element name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3398
Identifier: PluralNumber   Type: simple   Origin: GOLD (General Ontology for Linguistic Description): for the latest version see http://linguistics-ontology.org   Profile: Morphosyntax
Is a: NumberProperty
Definition: PluralNumber is a number property that quantifies the denotation of the nominal element so that: 1) it specifies that there are more than one. In this English example below, plural is shown by both the noun and the verb in (2): (1) my dog watches television (2) my dogs watch television [Corbett 2000: 5] 2) additionally, but not necessarily, pluralNumber may be assigned on the basis of formal properties (e.g. pluralia tantum, or measles / *measle). 3) if pluralNumber functions as generalNumber, it may specify a lack of commitment with regard to quantification ([Corbett 2000: 17] notes this system does not exist in pure form, that is, no language employs it as the normal case). Some Cushitic languages, generalNumber can be the same as singularNumber for some nouns, but the same as pluralNumber for other nouns. For example, in Arbore (arv), generalNumber may contrast with the singular in the absence of a distinct plural form: Ln Singular Ln tiis-in 'a maize cob' Ln lasa-n 'a loaf' nebel-in 'a cock ostrich' ln General ln tíise 'maize cob(s)' ln lássa 'bread' ln nebel 'ostrich(es)' ln [Corbett 2000: 17-18]
Source: [Corbett 2000: 5; Corbett 2000: 17; Corbett 2000: 17-18; ]
Note: This concept is part of the General Ontology for Linguistic Description (GOLD). It is a child concept of http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/NumberProperty. For other relationships among the concepts see: http://linguistics-ontology.org/gold.
Note: To make suggestions with regard to the entire ontology or individual concepts, please visit the GOLD Community website at http://linguistics-ontology.org.
SingularNumber
SingularNumber; admitted name
SingularNumber; Source: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/SingularNumber; data element name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3479
Identifier: SingularNumber   Type: simple   Origin: GOLD (General Ontology for Linguistic Description): for the latest version see http://linguistics-ontology.org   Profile: Morphosyntax
Is a: NumberProperty
Definition: Singular refers to one member of a designated class [Crystal 1980: 245; Hartmann and Stork 1972: 210].
Source: [Crystal 1980: 245; Hartmann and Stork 1972: 210]
Note: This concept is part of the General Ontology for Linguistic Description (GOLD). It is a child concept of http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/NumberProperty. For other relationships among the concepts see: http://linguistics-ontology.org/gold.
Note: To make suggestions with regard to the entire ontology or individual concepts, please visit the GOLD Community website at http://linguistics-ontology.org.
TrialNumber
TrialNumber; admitted name
TrialNumber; Source: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/TrialNumber; data element name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3535
Identifier: TrialNumber   Type: simple   Origin: GOLD (General Ontology for Linguistic Description): for the latest version see http://linguistics-ontology.org   Profile: Morphosyntax
Is a: NumberProperty
Definition: The trial is for referring to three distinct real world entities. [Corbett 2000: 21]
Source: [Corbett 2000: 21]
Note: This concept is part of the General Ontology for Linguistic Description (GOLD). It is a child concept of http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/NumberProperty. For other relationships among the concepts see: http://linguistics-ontology.org/gold.
Note: To make suggestions with regard to the entire ontology or individual concepts, please visit the GOLD Community website at http://linguistics-ontology.org.
PersonProperty
PersonProperty; admitted name
PersonProperty; Source: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/PersonProperty; data element name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3385
Identifier: PersonProperty   Type: simple   Origin: GOLD (General Ontology for Linguistic Description): for the latest version see http://linguistics-ontology.org   Profile: Morphosyntax
Definition: PersonProperty is the class of properties with a deictic dimension, interpreted relative to the speaker, encoding the participants in a speech situation. Usually a three-way contrast is found: firstPerson (speaker), secondPerson (addressee), and thirdPerson (neither speaker nor addressee). Other distinctions within this feature include: inclusive/exclusive and proximative/obviative. [Crystal 1997: 285-286]
Source: [Crystal 1997: 285-286]
Note: This concept is part of the General Ontology for Linguistic Description (GOLD). It is a child concept of http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/MorphosyntacticProperty. For other relationships among the concepts see: http://linguistics-ontology.org/gold.
Note: To make suggestions with regard to the entire ontology or individual concepts, please visit the GOLD Community website at http://linguistics-ontology.org.
FirstPerson
FirstPerson; admitted name
FirstPerson; Source: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/FirstPerson; data element name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3198
Identifier: FirstPerson   Type: simple   Origin: GOLD (General Ontology for Linguistic Description): for the latest version see http://linguistics-ontology.org   Profile: Morphosyntax
Is a: PersonProperty
Definition: First is a person property that refers minimally to the speaker. It may also refer to the speaker combined with either the addressee or the non-participant or both, allowing for the following subdivisions: a) first person b) first person inclusive c) first person exclusive [Cysouw 2003].
Source: [Cysouw 2003]
Note: This concept is part of the General Ontology for Linguistic Description (GOLD). It is a child concept of http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/PersonProperty. For other relationships among the concepts see: http://linguistics-ontology.org/gold.
Note: To make suggestions with regard to the entire ontology or individual concepts, please visit the GOLD Community website at http://linguistics-ontology.org.
FirstPersonExclusive
FirstPersonExclusive; admitted name
FirstPersonExclusive; Source: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/FirstPersonExclusive; data element name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3199
Identifier: FirstPersonExclusive   Type: simple   Origin: GOLD (General Ontology for Linguistic Description): for the latest version see http://linguistics-ontology.org   Profile: Morphosyntax
Is a: PersonProperty
Definition: No definition yet
Source: No source yet
Note: This concept is part of the General Ontology for Linguistic Description (GOLD). It is a child concept of http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/PersonProperty. For other relationships among the concepts see: http://linguistics-ontology.org/gold.
Note: To make suggestions with regard to the entire ontology or individual concepts, please visit the GOLD Community website at http://linguistics-ontology.org.
FirstPersonInclusive
FirstPersonInclusive; admitted name
FirstPersonInclusive; Source: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/FirstPersonInclusive; data element name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3200
Identifier: FirstPersonInclusive   Type: simple   Origin: GOLD (General Ontology for Linguistic Description): for the latest version see http://linguistics-ontology.org   Profile: Morphosyntax
Is a: PersonProperty
Definition: No definition yet
Source: No source yet
Note: This concept is part of the General Ontology for Linguistic Description (GOLD). It is a child concept of http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/PersonProperty. For other relationships among the concepts see: http://linguistics-ontology.org/gold.
Note: To make suggestions with regard to the entire ontology or individual concepts, please visit the GOLD Community website at http://linguistics-ontology.org.
SecondPerson
SecondPerson; admitted name
SecondPerson; Source: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/SecondPerson; data element name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3464
Identifier: SecondPerson   Type: simple   Origin: GOLD (General Ontology for Linguistic Description): for the latest version see http://linguistics-ontology.org   Profile: Morphosyntax
Is a: PersonProperty
Definition: SecondPerson is a person property that refers minimally to the addressee [Crystal 1997: 285; Cysouw 2003: 75].
Source: [Crystal 1997: 285; Cysouw 2003: 75]
Note: This concept is part of the General Ontology for Linguistic Description (GOLD). It is a child concept of http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/PersonProperty. For other relationships among the concepts see: http://linguistics-ontology.org/gold.
Note: To make suggestions with regard to the entire ontology or individual concepts, please visit the GOLD Community website at http://linguistics-ontology.org.
ThirdPerson
ThirdPerson; admitted name
ThirdPerson; Source: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/ThirdPerson; data element name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3526
Identifier: ThirdPerson   Type: simple   Origin: GOLD (General Ontology for Linguistic Description): for the latest version see http://linguistics-ontology.org   Profile: Morphosyntax
Is a: PersonProperty
Definition: Third Person is a person property that refers to the non-participant (other than the speaker and the addressee) [Crystal 1997: 285].
Source: [Crystal 1997: 285]
Note: This concept is part of the General Ontology for Linguistic Description (GOLD). It is a child concept of http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/PersonProperty. For other relationships among the concepts see: http://linguistics-ontology.org/gold.
Note: To make suggestions with regard to the entire ontology or individual concepts, please visit the GOLD Community website at http://linguistics-ontology.org.
ThirdPersonObviative
ThirdPersonObviative; admitted name
ThirdPersonObviative; Source: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/ThirdPersonObviative; data element name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3527
Identifier: ThirdPersonObviative   Type: simple   Origin: GOLD (General Ontology for Linguistic Description): for the latest version see http://linguistics-ontology.org   Profile: Morphosyntax
Is a: PersonProperty
Definition: ThirdPersonObviative is a person property that refers to one or more non-participants that are in some way further removed from the speaker than other non-particpants. Contrasts with ThirdPersonProximative. [Kibort 2008a]
Source: [Kibort 2008a]
Note: This concept is part of the General Ontology for Linguistic Description (GOLD). It is a child concept of http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/PersonProperty. For other relationships among the concepts see: http://linguistics-ontology.org/gold.
Note: To make suggestions with regard to the entire ontology or individual concepts, please visit the GOLD Community website at http://linguistics-ontology.org.
ThirdPersonProximative
ThirdPersonProximative; admitted name
ThirdPersonProximative; Source: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/ThirdPersonProximative; data element name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3528
Identifier: ThirdPersonProximative   Type: simple   Origin: GOLD (General Ontology for Linguistic Description): for the latest version see http://linguistics-ontology.org   Profile: Morphosyntax
Is a: PersonProperty
Definition: Refers to one or more non-participants that are in some way distinct/closer to the speaker than other non-participants. Third person proximative contrasts with third person obviative. Often called 'Third Person Proximate' or '4th person'. [Kibort 2008a]
Source: [Kibort 2008a]
Note: This concept is part of the General Ontology for Linguistic Description (GOLD). It is a child concept of http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/PersonProperty. For other relationships among the concepts see: http://linguistics-ontology.org/gold.
Note: To make suggestions with regard to the entire ontology or individual concepts, please visit the GOLD Community website at http://linguistics-ontology.org.
PolarityProperty
PolarityProperty; admitted name
PolarityProperty; Source: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/PolarityProperty; data element name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3403
Identifier: PolarityProperty   Type: simple   Origin: GOLD (General Ontology for Linguistic Description): for the latest version see http://linguistics-ontology.org   Profile: Morphosyntax
Definition: The property concerned with encoding the system of positive/negative contrastivity found in a language. The distinction between 'positive' and 'negative polarity' may be expressed syntactically, morphologically or lexically. [Crystal 1997: 297]
Source: [Crystal 1997: 297]
Note: This concept is part of the General Ontology for Linguistic Description (GOLD). It is a child concept of http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/MorphosyntacticProperty. For other relationships among the concepts see: http://linguistics-ontology.org/gold.
Note: To make suggestions with regard to the entire ontology or individual concepts, please visit the GOLD Community website at http://linguistics-ontology.org.
NegativePolarity
NegativePolarity; admitted name
NegativePolarity; Source: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/NegativePolarity; data element name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3335
Identifier: NegativePolarity   Type: simple   Origin: GOLD (General Ontology for Linguistic Description): for the latest version see http://linguistics-ontology.org   Profile: Morphosyntax
Is a: PolarityProperty
Definition: A construction that expresses the contradiction of some or all of a proposition [Crystal 1980: 257]. Note: this value is not to be confused with the notion "Negative Polarity Item", which is an expression that occurs in the scope of Negation (i.e. Negative Polarity).
Source: [Crystal 1980: 257]
Note: This concept is part of the General Ontology for Linguistic Description (GOLD). It is a child concept of http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/PolarityProperty. For other relationships among the concepts see: http://linguistics-ontology.org/gold.
Note: To make suggestions with regard to the entire ontology or individual concepts, please visit the GOLD Community website at http://linguistics-ontology.org.
PositivePolarity
PositivePolarity; admitted name
PositivePolarity; Source: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/PositivePolarity; data element name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3405
Identifier: PositivePolarity   Type: simple   Origin: GOLD (General Ontology for Linguistic Description): for the latest version see http://linguistics-ontology.org   Profile: Morphosyntax
Is a: PolarityProperty
Definition: In general, positive polarity refers to an assertion that contains no marker of negation [Crystal 1980: 299].
Source: [Crystal 1980: 299]
Note: This concept is part of the General Ontology for Linguistic Description (GOLD). It is a child concept of http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/PolarityProperty. For other relationships among the concepts see: http://linguistics-ontology.org/gold.
Note: To make suggestions with regard to the entire ontology or individual concepts, please visit the GOLD Community website at http://linguistics-ontology.org.
SizeProperty
SizeProperty; admitted name
SizeProperty; Source: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/SizeProperty; data element name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3480
Identifier: SizeProperty   Type: simple   Origin: GOLD (General Ontology for Linguistic Description): for the latest version see http://linguistics-ontology.org   Profile: Morphosyntax
Definition: SizeProperty is a physical property with two values: large and small. Languages apparently do not encode a middle value of medium, at least not in the grammar. The marking of large size is traditionally called the augmentativem that for small size the diminutive. [Frawley 1992: 126]
Source: [Frawley 1992: 126]
Note: This concept is part of the General Ontology for Linguistic Description (GOLD). It is a child concept of http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/MorphosyntacticProperty. For other relationships among the concepts see: http://linguistics-ontology.org/gold.
Note: To make suggestions with regard to the entire ontology or individual concepts, please visit the GOLD Community website at http://linguistics-ontology.org.
AugmentativeSize
AugmentativeSize; admitted name
AugmentativeSize; Source: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/AugmentativeSize; data element name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3094
Identifier: AugmentativeSize   Type: simple   Origin: GOLD (General Ontology for Linguistic Description): for the latest version see http://linguistics-ontology.org   Profile: Morphosyntax
Is a: SizeProperty
Definition: A special form of a noun that signals that the object being referred to is large relative to the usual size of such an object [Crystal 1980: 34].
Source: [Crystal 1980: 34]
Note: This concept is part of the General Ontology for Linguistic Description (GOLD). It is a child concept of http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/SizeProperty. For other relationships among the concepts see: http://linguistics-ontology.org/gold.
Note: To make suggestions with regard to the entire ontology or individual concepts, please visit the GOLD Community website at http://linguistics-ontology.org.
DiminuativeSize
DiminuativeSize; admitted name
DiminuativeSize; Source: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/DiminuativeSize; data element name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3163
Identifier: DiminuativeSize   Type: simple   Origin: GOLD (General Ontology for Linguistic Description): for the latest version see http://linguistics-ontology.org   Profile: Morphosyntax
Is a: SizeProperty
Definition: A special form of a noun that signals that the object being referred to is small relative to the usual size of such an object. In some cases it may be used as a term of endearment [Crystal 1980: 116].
Source: [Crystal 1980: 116]
Note: This concept is part of the General Ontology for Linguistic Description (GOLD). It is a child concept of http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/SizeProperty. For other relationships among the concepts see: http://linguistics-ontology.org/gold.
Note: To make suggestions with regard to the entire ontology or individual concepts, please visit the GOLD Community website at http://linguistics-ontology.org.
VoiceProperty
VoiceProperty; admitted name
VoiceProperty; Source: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/VoiceProperty; data element name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3551
Identifier: VoiceProperty   Type: simple   Origin: GOLD (General Ontology for Linguistic Description): for the latest version see http://linguistics-ontology.org   Profile: Morphosyntax
Definition: VoiceProperty is the class of properties that concern the grammatical encoding of the relationship between the verb and the nominals in a subject-predicate configuration. It selects a grammatically prominent syntactic constituent--subject--from the underlying semantic functions. In accusative language, the basic strategy is to select an agent as a subject [Shibatani 1988: 3]. It can be said that all voice systems mark the affectedness/nonaffectedness of sentential subjects [Klaiman 1988: 30].
Source: [Shibatani 1988: 3; Klaiman 1988: 30]
Note: This concept is part of the General Ontology for Linguistic Description (GOLD). It is a child concept of http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/MorphosyntacticProperty. For other relationships among the concepts see: http://linguistics-ontology.org/gold.
Note: To make suggestions with regard to the entire ontology or individual concepts, please visit the GOLD Community website at http://linguistics-ontology.org.
AbsolutiveAntipassiveVoice
AbsolutiveAntipassiveVoice; admitted name
AbsolutiveAntipassiveVoice; Source: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/AbsolutiveAntipassiveVoice; data element name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3058
Identifier: AbsolutiveAntipassiveVoice   Type: simple   Origin: GOLD (General Ontology for Linguistic Description): for the latest version see http://linguistics-ontology.org   Profile: Morphosyntax
Is a: VoiceProperty
Definition: A term used by some Mayanists to refer to an antipassive in which the patient or logical object is supressed or overtly absent. [Klaiman 1991: 232] Dayley states that the absolutive antipassive is used when the patient is unknown or irrelevant, or when the speaker does not wish to mention the patient, or to describe a transitive activity typically performed by some agent. The absolutive antipassive requires a non-specific implied patient, and no specific patient is ever semantically recoverable from the speech context. Only the absolutive antipassive has (as the name implies) absolutive function such that a transitive activity may be discussed without mention of the patient. [Dayley 1985: 345-350] This type of antipassive with an obligatorily unidentified object is also found in Mam, another Mayan language. [Cooreman 1994: 52-53]
Source: [Klaiman 1991: 232; Dayley 1985: 345-350; Cooreman 1994: 52-53; ]
Note: This concept is part of the General Ontology for Linguistic Description (GOLD). It is a child concept of http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/VoiceProperty. For other relationships among the concepts see: http://linguistics-ontology.org/gold.
Note: To make suggestions with regard to the entire ontology or individual concepts, please visit the GOLD Community website at http://linguistics-ontology.org.
ActiveVoice
ActiveVoice; admitted name
ActiveVoice; Source: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/ActiveVoice; data element name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3064
Identifier: ActiveVoice   Type: simple   Origin: GOLD (General Ontology for Linguistic Description): for the latest version see http://linguistics-ontology.org   Profile: Morphosyntax
Is a: VoiceProperty
Definition: Associated with transitivity, when the action is performed by an agent (subject) on another participant (object) [McIntosh 1984: 108]. It refers to the category of underived verb forms associated with the basic diathesis [Shibatani 1995: 7].
Source: [McIntosh 1984: 108; Shibatani 1995: 7]
Note: This concept is part of the General Ontology for Linguistic Description (GOLD). It is a child concept of http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/VoiceProperty. For other relationships among the concepts see: http://linguistics-ontology.org/gold.
Note: To make suggestions with regard to the entire ontology or individual concepts, please visit the GOLD Community website at http://linguistics-ontology.org.
AgentDeletionPassiveVoice
AgentDeletionPassiveVoice; admitted name
AgentDeletionPassiveVoice; Source: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/AgentDeletionPassiveVoice; data element name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3073
Identifier: AgentDeletionPassiveVoice   Type: simple   Origin: GOLD (General Ontology for Linguistic Description): for the latest version see http://linguistics-ontology.org   Profile: Morphosyntax
Is a: VoiceProperty
Definition: The object of the active retains its old case-marking in the passive, the subject of the active cannot appear in the passive clause, and the passive tends to be semantically active [Givon 1988: 419].
Source: [Givon 1988: 419]
Note: This concept is part of the General Ontology for Linguistic Description (GOLD). It is a child concept of http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/VoiceProperty. For other relationships among the concepts see: http://linguistics-ontology.org/gold.
Note: To make suggestions with regard to the entire ontology or individual concepts, please visit the GOLD Community website at http://linguistics-ontology.org.
AntiCausativeVoice
AntiCausativeVoice; admitted name
AntiCausativeVoice; Source: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/AntiCausativeVoice; data element name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3080
Identifier: AntiCausativeVoice   Type: simple   Origin: GOLD (General Ontology for Linguistic Description): for the latest version see http://linguistics-ontology.org   Profile: Morphosyntax
Is a: VoiceProperty
Definition: An intransitive verb is derived from a basically transitive one with the direct object of the transitive verb corresponding to the subject of the intransitive [Siewierska 1988: 267].
Source: [Siewierska 1988: 267]
Note: This concept is part of the General Ontology for Linguistic Description (GOLD). It is a child concept of http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/VoiceProperty. For other relationships among the concepts see: http://linguistics-ontology.org/gold.
Note: To make suggestions with regard to the entire ontology or individual concepts, please visit the GOLD Community website at http://linguistics-ontology.org.
AntiPassiveVoice
AntiPassiveVoice; admitted name
AntiPassiveVoice; Source: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/AntiPassiveVoice; data element name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3081
Identifier: AntiPassiveVoice   Type: simple   Origin: GOLD (General Ontology for Linguistic Description): for the latest version see http://linguistics-ontology.org   Profile: Morphosyntax
Is a: VoiceProperty
Definition: In the antipassive construction, the patient-like argument is either suppressed (left implicit) or realized as an oblique complement, rather than as a direct object as would be the case in the basic two-place predicate transitive construction. The antipassive voice is most commonly found in ergative languages. In this case, the direct object, which is in the absolutive case in the transitive construction, is no longer marked as absolutive, but is marked as oblique or is supressed entirely. The agent-like argument, marked as ergative in a typical transitive construction, is instead marked as absolutive, making it appear like the agent of an intransitive construction. [Polinsky 2008]
Source: [Polinsky 2008]
Note: This concept is part of the General Ontology for Linguistic Description (GOLD). It is a child concept of http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/VoiceProperty. For other relationships among the concepts see: http://linguistics-ontology.org/gold.
Note: To make suggestions with regard to the entire ontology or individual concepts, please visit the GOLD Community website at http://linguistics-ontology.org.
ApplicativeVoice
ApplicativeVoice; admitted name
ApplicativeVoice; Source: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/ApplicativeVoice; data element name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3084
Identifier: ApplicativeVoice   Type: simple   Origin: GOLD (General Ontology for Linguistic Description): for the latest version see http://linguistics-ontology.org   Profile: Morphosyntax
Is a: VoiceProperty
Definition: The applicative voice is a grammatical voice which promotes an oblique argument of a verb to the (core) patient argument, and indicates the oblique role within the meaning of the verb. Applicatives have a degree of overlap with causatives, and in some languages are realized identically; this isomorphism can be found in Kinyarwanda [Kimenyi 1980: 164], Yagua, Malay, and Dyirbal [Croft 1990: 242]. While differing from true applicatives, a similar construction known as dative shifting occurs in other languages, including English. Two subtle differences between applicative and dative-shift constructions are: (1) applicatives involve some marking on the verb whereas dative-shift constructions do not; and (2) dative-shift constructions typically allow only recipients and benefactives to become direct objects whereas applicative constructions normally advance instruments and perhaps other obliques. [Payne 1997: 186-192]
Source: [Kimenyi 1980: 164; Croft 1990: 242; Payne 1997: 186-192; ]
Note: This concept is part of the General Ontology for Linguistic Description (GOLD). It is a child concept of http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/VoiceProperty. For other relationships among the concepts see: http://linguistics-ontology.org/gold.
Note: To make suggestions with regard to the entire ontology or individual concepts, please visit the GOLD Community website at http://linguistics-ontology.org.
CausativeVoice
CausativeVoice; admitted name
CausativeVoice; Source: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/CausativeVoice; data element name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3106
Identifier: CausativeVoice   Type: simple   Origin: GOLD (General Ontology for Linguistic Description): for the latest version see http://linguistics-ontology.org   Profile: Morphosyntax
Is a: VoiceProperty
Definition: A construction can be classified as a morphological causative when there is specific morphological encoding of causativity within the verb. Moreover, a causative is associated with an additional core argument, a causer or causal agent, added to the set of core arguments assigned by the corresponding noncausative verb. [Klaiman 1991: 51]
Source: [Klaiman 1991: 51]
Note: This concept is part of the General Ontology for Linguistic Description (GOLD). It is a child concept of http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/VoiceProperty. For other relationships among the concepts see: http://linguistics-ontology.org/gold.
Note: To make suggestions with regard to the entire ontology or individual concepts, please visit the GOLD Community website at http://linguistics-ontology.org.
DeponentMiddleVoice
DeponentMiddleVoice; admitted name
DeponentMiddleVoice; Source: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/DeponentMiddleVoice; data element name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3156
Identifier: DeponentMiddleVoice   Type: simple   Origin: GOLD (General Ontology for Linguistic Description): for the latest version see http://linguistics-ontology.org   Profile: Morphosyntax
Is a: VoiceProperty
Definition: Action denotes physical/mental disposition of subject. [Siewierska 1988: 257]
Source: [Siewierska 1988: 257]
Note: This concept is part of the General Ontology for Linguistic Description (GOLD). It is a child concept of http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/VoiceProperty. For other relationships among the concepts see: http://linguistics-ontology.org/gold.
Note: To make suggestions with regard to the entire ontology or individual concepts, please visit the GOLD Community website at http://linguistics-ontology.org.
DirectVoice
DirectVoice; admitted name
DirectVoice; Source: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/DirectVoice; data element name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3165
Identifier: DirectVoice   Type: simple   Origin: GOLD (General Ontology for Linguistic Description): for the latest version see http://linguistics-ontology.org   Profile: Morphosyntax
Is a: VoiceProperty
Definition: Direct voice signals that the action proceeds in an ontologically salient way, i.e. that salience is assigned to nominals based on their referent's relative real-world capacities to control situations. [Klaiman 1991: 32]
Source: [Klaiman 1991: 32]
Note: This concept is part of the General Ontology for Linguistic Description (GOLD). It is a child concept of http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/VoiceProperty. For other relationships among the concepts see: http://linguistics-ontology.org/gold.
Note: To make suggestions with regard to the entire ontology or individual concepts, please visit the GOLD Community website at http://linguistics-ontology.org.
FocusAntipassiveVoice
FocusAntipassiveVoice; admitted name
FocusAntipassiveVoice; Source: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/FocusAntipassiveVoice; data element name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3201
Identifier: FocusAntipassiveVoice   Type: simple   Origin: GOLD (General Ontology for Linguistic Description): for the latest version see http://linguistics-ontology.org   Profile: Morphosyntax
Is a: VoiceProperty
Definition: Blocks the patient or logical object (basic absolutive) nominal from being assigned Focus salience. Topic salience is available for assignment to various arguments, including the patient, but Focus salience is always assigned to agent, and is therefore inaccessible to the patient or any other nominal. [Klaiman 1991: 236] Dayley describes the focus antipassive as a rearranging voice whose primary function is to indicate that the agent of a transitive sentence is highlighted or in focus. The focus antipassive is used when the agent is in contrastive focus or highly emphatic, when the agent is questioned, and when the agent is relativized. [Dayley 1985: 348]
Source: [Klaiman 1991: 236; Dayley 1985: 348]
Note: This concept is part of the General Ontology for Linguistic Description (GOLD). It is a child concept of http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/VoiceProperty. For other relationships among the concepts see: http://linguistics-ontology.org/gold.
Note: To make suggestions with regard to the entire ontology or individual concepts, please visit the GOLD Community website at http://linguistics-ontology.org.
ImpersonalPassiveVoice
ImpersonalPassiveVoice; admitted name
ImpersonalPassiveVoice; Source: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/ImpersonalPassiveVoice; data element name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3247
Identifier: ImpersonalPassiveVoice   Type: simple   Origin: GOLD (General Ontology for Linguistic Description): for the latest version see http://linguistics-ontology.org   Profile: Morphosyntax
Is a: VoiceProperty
Definition: A Passive that alters the mapping of a nominal to the Subject relation in a basic intransitive structure [Klaiman 1991: 23].
Source: [Klaiman 1991: 23]
Note: This concept is part of the General Ontology for Linguistic Description (GOLD). It is a child concept of http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/VoiceProperty. For other relationships among the concepts see: http://linguistics-ontology.org/gold.
Note: To make suggestions with regard to the entire ontology or individual concepts, please visit the GOLD Community website at http://linguistics-ontology.org.
IncorporatingAntipassiveVoice
IncorporatingAntipassiveVoice; admitted name
IncorporatingAntipassiveVoice; Source: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/IncorporatingAntipassiveVoice; data element name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3252
Identifier: IncorporatingAntipassiveVoice   Type: simple   Origin: GOLD (General Ontology for Linguistic Description): for the latest version see http://linguistics-ontology.org   Profile: Morphosyntax
Is a: VoiceProperty
Definition: Blocks the patient or logical object (basic absolutive) nominal from being assigned Focus salience. There is no explicit case marking on the patient, and the patient is invariably nonreferential. This correlates with the patient's morphosyntactic downgrading, whereby it becomes insusceptible to any informational salience assignment. [Klaiman 1991: 232-236]
Source: [Klaiman 1991: 232-236]
Note: This concept is part of the General Ontology for Linguistic Description (GOLD). It is a child concept of http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/VoiceProperty. For other relationships among the concepts see: http://linguistics-ontology.org/gold.
Note: To make suggestions with regard to the entire ontology or individual concepts, please visit the GOLD Community website at http://linguistics-ontology.org.
InverseVoice
InverseVoice; admitted name
InverseVoice; Source: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/InverseVoice; data element name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3279
Identifier: InverseVoice   Type: simple   Origin: GOLD (General Ontology for Linguistic Description): for the latest version see http://linguistics-ontology.org   Profile: Morphosyntax
Is a: VoiceProperty
Definition: Signals when actions proceed from ontologically less salient to more salient participants. [Klaiman 1991: 32]
Source: [Klaiman 1991: 32]
Note: This concept is part of the General Ontology for Linguistic Description (GOLD). It is a child concept of http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/VoiceProperty. For other relationships among the concepts see: http://linguistics-ontology.org/gold.
Note: To make suggestions with regard to the entire ontology or individual concepts, please visit the GOLD Community website at http://linguistics-ontology.org.
LocativePassiveVoice
LocativePassiveVoice; admitted name
LocativePassiveVoice; Source: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/LocativePassiveVoice; data element name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3307
Identifier: LocativePassiveVoice   Type: simple   Origin: GOLD (General Ontology for Linguistic Description): for the latest version see http://linguistics-ontology.org   Profile: Morphosyntax
Is a: VoiceProperty
Definition: An oblique locative nominal assumes the subject relation [Klaiman 1991: 17].
Source: [Klaiman 1991: 17]
Note: This concept is part of the General Ontology for Linguistic Description (GOLD). It is a child concept of http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/VoiceProperty. For other relationships among the concepts see: http://linguistics-ontology.org/gold.
Note: To make suggestions with regard to the entire ontology or individual concepts, please visit the GOLD Community website at http://linguistics-ontology.org.
NecessitativePassiveVoice
NecessitativePassiveVoice; admitted name
NecessitativePassiveVoice; Source: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/NecessitativePassiveVoice; data element name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3332
Identifier: NecessitativePassiveVoice   Type: simple   Origin: GOLD (General Ontology for Linguistic Description): for the latest version see http://linguistics-ontology.org   Profile: Morphosyntax
Is a: VoiceProperty
Definition: A passive in Irish in which the preposition "with" is used, and a semantic meaning of necessity is added [Noonan 1994: 280].
Source: [Noonan 1994: 280]
Note: This concept is part of the General Ontology for Linguistic Description (GOLD). It is a child concept of http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/VoiceProperty. For other relationships among the concepts see: http://linguistics-ontology.org/gold.
Note: To make suggestions with regard to the entire ontology or individual concepts, please visit the GOLD Community website at http://linguistics-ontology.org.
NonAbsolutiveAntipassiveVoice
NonAbsolutiveAntipassiveVoice; admitted name
NonAbsolutiveAntipassiveVoice; Source: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/NonAbsolutiveAntipassiveVoice; data element name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3342
Identifier: NonAbsolutiveAntipassiveVoice   Type: simple   Origin: GOLD (General Ontology for Linguistic Description): for the latest version see http://linguistics-ontology.org   Profile: Morphosyntax
Is a: VoiceProperty
Definition: An Antipassive in which the patient or logical object is not supressed, as is the case in the Absolutive Antipassive, but rather, is overtly downgraded. Some Mayanists distinguish between two types of Non Absolutive Antipassives: the Focus Antipassive and the Incorporating Antipassive. [Klaiman 1991: 232]
Source: [Klaiman 1991: 232]
Note: This concept is part of the General Ontology for Linguistic Description (GOLD). It is a child concept of http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/VoiceProperty. For other relationships among the concepts see: http://linguistics-ontology.org/gold.
Note: To make suggestions with regard to the entire ontology or individual concepts, please visit the GOLD Community website at http://linguistics-ontology.org.
NonPromotionalInverseVoice
NonPromotionalInverseVoice; admitted name
NonPromotionalInverseVoice; Source: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/NonPromotionalInverseVoice; data element name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3346
Identifier: NonPromotionalInverseVoice   Type: simple   Origin: GOLD (General Ontology for Linguistic Description): for the latest version see http://linguistics-ontology.org   Profile: Morphosyntax
Is a: VoiceProperty
Definition: Involves demotion of the non-topical obviate-agent from subjecthood [Givon 1994: 24].
Source: [Givon 1994: 24]
Note: This concept is part of the General Ontology for Linguistic Description (GOLD). It is a child concept of http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/VoiceProperty. For other relationships among the concepts see: http://linguistics-ontology.org/gold.
Note: To make suggestions with regard to the entire ontology or individual concepts, please visit the GOLD Community website at http://linguistics-ontology.org.
NucleonicMiddleVoice
NucleonicMiddleVoice; admitted name
NucleonicMiddleVoice; Source: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/NucleonicMiddleVoice; data element name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3350
Identifier: NucleonicMiddleVoice   Type: simple   Origin: GOLD (General Ontology for Linguistic Description): for the latest version see http://linguistics-ontology.org   Profile: Morphosyntax
Is a: VoiceProperty
Definition: Object of action belongs to. Moves into, or moves from sphere of subject [Siewierska 1988: 257].
Source: [Siewierska 1988: 257]
Note: This concept is part of the General Ontology for Linguistic Description (GOLD). It is a child concept of http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/VoiceProperty. For other relationships among the concepts see: http://linguistics-ontology.org/gold.
Note: To make suggestions with regard to the entire ontology or individual concepts, please visit the GOLD Community website at http://linguistics-ontology.org.
ObliquePassiveVoice
ObliquePassiveVoice; admitted name
ObliquePassiveVoice; Source: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/ObliquePassiveVoice; data element name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3358
Identifier: ObliquePassiveVoice   Type: simple   Origin: GOLD (General Ontology for Linguistic Description): for the latest version see http://linguistics-ontology.org   Profile: Morphosyntax
Is a: VoiceProperty
Definition: A Passive in which a basic Oblique nominal assumes the Subject relation in a corresponding nonbasic configuration. Can include locative passives, benefactive passives and instrumental passives. [Klaiman 1991: 23]
Source: [Klaiman 1991: 23]
Note: This concept is part of the General Ontology for Linguistic Description (GOLD). It is a child concept of http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/VoiceProperty. For other relationships among the concepts see: http://linguistics-ontology.org/gold.
Note: To make suggestions with regard to the entire ontology or individual concepts, please visit the GOLD Community website at http://linguistics-ontology.org.
PassiveVoice
PassiveVoice; admitted name
PassiveVoice; Source: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/PassiveVoice; data element name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3375
Identifier: PassiveVoice   Type: simple   Origin: GOLD (General Ontology for Linguistic Description): for the latest version see http://linguistics-ontology.org   Profile: Morphosyntax
Is a: VoiceProperty
Definition: Associated with actions performed on the subject by an unspecified agent [McIntosh 1984: 108]. Refers to the category of verb forms, typically identifies with a specific morphological marking, that encode the derived diatheses in which the agent role is not linked with a subject noun phrase: Diatheis: D1=(X=AgOb)(Y+SUBabs/nom) [Shibatani 1995: 7].
Source: [McIntosh 1984: 108; Shibatani 1995: 7]
Note: This concept is part of the General Ontology for Linguistic Description (GOLD). It is a child concept of http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/VoiceProperty. For other relationships among the concepts see: http://linguistics-ontology.org/gold.
Note: To make suggestions with regard to the entire ontology or individual concepts, please visit the GOLD Community website at http://linguistics-ontology.org.
PersonalPassiveVoice
PersonalPassiveVoice; admitted name
PersonalPassiveVoice; Source: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/PersonalPassiveVoice; data element name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3386
Identifier: PersonalPassiveVoice   Type: simple   Origin: GOLD (General Ontology for Linguistic Description): for the latest version see http://linguistics-ontology.org   Profile: Morphosyntax
Is a: VoiceProperty
Definition: A Passive in which the argument mapped to Object in a basic structural configuration assumes the Subject relation in a corresponding nonbasic configuration [Klaiman 1991: 23].
Source: [Klaiman 1991: 23]
Note: This concept is part of the General Ontology for Linguistic Description (GOLD). It is a child concept of http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/VoiceProperty. For other relationships among the concepts see: http://linguistics-ontology.org/gold.
Note: To make suggestions with regard to the entire ontology or individual concepts, please visit the GOLD Community website at http://linguistics-ontology.org.
PlainMiddleVoice
PlainMiddleVoice; admitted name
PlainMiddleVoice; Source: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/PlainMiddleVoice; data element name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3397
Identifier: PlainMiddleVoice   Type: simple   Origin: GOLD (General Ontology for Linguistic Description): for the latest version see http://linguistics-ontology.org   Profile: Morphosyntax
Is a: VoiceProperty
Definition: Results of action occur to subject [Siewierska 1988: 257].
Source: [Siewierska 1988: 257]
Note: This concept is part of the General Ontology for Linguistic Description (GOLD). It is a child concept of http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/VoiceProperty. For other relationships among the concepts see: http://linguistics-ontology.org/gold.
Note: To make suggestions with regard to the entire ontology or individual concepts, please visit the GOLD Community website at http://linguistics-ontology.org.
PragmaticInverseVoice
PragmaticInverseVoice; admitted name
PragmaticInverseVoice; Source: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/PragmaticInverseVoice; data element name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3412
Identifier: PragmaticInverseVoice   Type: simple   Origin: GOLD (General Ontology for Linguistic Description): for the latest version see http://linguistics-ontology.org   Profile: Morphosyntax
Is a: VoiceProperty
Definition: If the agent is more topical than the patient, the direct-active clause is used. If norm is reversed and the patient is more topical, the inverse clause is used. [Givon 1994: 23]
Source: [Givon 1994: 23]
Note: This concept is part of the General Ontology for Linguistic Description (GOLD). It is a child concept of http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/VoiceProperty. For other relationships among the concepts see: http://linguistics-ontology.org/gold.
Note: To make suggestions with regard to the entire ontology or individual concepts, please visit the GOLD Community website at http://linguistics-ontology.org.
ProgressivePassiveVoice
ProgressivePassiveVoice; admitted name
ProgressivePassiveVoice; Source: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/ProgressivePassiveVoice; data element name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3430
Identifier: ProgressivePassiveVoice   Type: simple   Origin: GOLD (General Ontology for Linguistic Description): for the latest version see http://linguistics-ontology.org   Profile: Morphosyntax
Is a: VoiceProperty
Definition: A passive in Irish in which the preposition "at" is used, and a semantic meaning of progressive tense is found [Noonan 1994: 280].
Source: [Noonan 1994: 280]
Note: This concept is part of the General Ontology for Linguistic Description (GOLD). It is a child concept of http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/VoiceProperty. For other relationships among the concepts see: http://linguistics-ontology.org/gold.
Note: To make suggestions with regard to the entire ontology or individual concepts, please visit the GOLD Community website at http://linguistics-ontology.org.
PromotionalInverseVoice
PromotionalInverseVoice; admitted name
PromotionalInverseVoice; Source: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/PromotionalInverseVoice; data element name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3432
Identifier: PromotionalInverseVoice   Type: simple   Origin: GOLD (General Ontology for Linguistic Description): for the latest version see http://linguistics-ontology.org   Profile: Morphosyntax
Is a: VoiceProperty
Definition: Involves promotion of the topical proximate-patient to subjecthood [Givon 1994: 24].
Source: [Givon 1994: 24]
Note: This concept is part of the General Ontology for Linguistic Description (GOLD). It is a child concept of http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/VoiceProperty. For other relationships among the concepts see: http://linguistics-ontology.org/gold.
Note: To make suggestions with regard to the entire ontology or individual concepts, please visit the GOLD Community website at http://linguistics-ontology.org.
ReciprocalMiddleVoice
ReciprocalMiddleVoice; admitted name
ReciprocalMiddleVoice; Source: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/ReciprocalMiddleVoice; data element name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3444
Identifier: ReciprocalMiddleVoice   Type: simple   Origin: GOLD (General Ontology for Linguistic Description): for the latest version see http://linguistics-ontology.org   Profile: Morphosyntax
Is a: VoiceProperty
Definition: Referents of plural subject do action to one another [Siewierska 1988: 257].
Source: [Siewierska 1988: 257]
Note: This concept is part of the General Ontology for Linguistic Description (GOLD). It is a child concept of http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/VoiceProperty. For other relationships among the concepts see: http://linguistics-ontology.org/gold.
Note: To make suggestions with regard to the entire ontology or individual concepts, please visit the GOLD Community website at http://linguistics-ontology.org.
ReferentialVoice
ReferentialVoice; admitted name
ReferentialVoice; Source: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/ReferentialVoice; data element name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3446
Identifier: ReferentialVoice   Type: simple   Origin: GOLD (General Ontology for Linguistic Description): for the latest version see http://linguistics-ontology.org   Profile: Morphosyntax
Is a: VoiceProperty
Definition: ReferentialVoice entails assignment of the absolutive to certain kinds of arguments other than logical subjects (agents) and objects (patients), targeting semantic roles such as dative, benefactive, malefactive and possessor. [Klaiman 1991: 239]
Source: [Klaiman 1991: 239]
Note: This concept is part of the General Ontology for Linguistic Description (GOLD). It is a child concept of http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/VoiceProperty. For other relationships among the concepts see: http://linguistics-ontology.org/gold.
Note: To make suggestions with regard to the entire ontology or individual concepts, please visit the GOLD Community website at http://linguistics-ontology.org.
ReflexiveMiddleVoice
ReflexiveMiddleVoice; admitted name
ReflexiveMiddleVoice; Source: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/ReflexiveMiddleVoice; data element name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3447
Identifier: ReflexiveMiddleVoice   Type: simple   Origin: GOLD (General Ontology for Linguistic Description): for the latest version see http://linguistics-ontology.org   Profile: Morphosyntax
Is a: VoiceProperty
Definition: Subjects perform action to self [Siewierska 1988: 257].
Source: [Siewierska 1988: 257]
Note: This concept is part of the General Ontology for Linguistic Description (GOLD). It is a child concept of http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/VoiceProperty. For other relationships among the concepts see: http://linguistics-ontology.org/gold.
Note: To make suggestions with regard to the entire ontology or individual concepts, please visit the GOLD Community website at http://linguistics-ontology.org.
ReflexivePassiveVoice
ReflexivePassiveVoice; admitted name
ReflexivePassiveVoice; Source: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/ReflexivePassiveVoice; data element name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3448
Identifier: ReflexivePassiveVoice   Type: simple   Origin: GOLD (General Ontology for Linguistic Description): for the latest version see http://linguistics-ontology.org   Profile: Morphosyntax
Is a: VoiceProperty
Definition: A Passive construction which contains reflexive markings [Siewierska 1988: 257].
Source: [Siewierska 1988: 257]
Note: This concept is part of the General Ontology for Linguistic Description (GOLD). It is a child concept of http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/VoiceProperty. For other relationships among the concepts see: http://linguistics-ontology.org/gold.
Note: To make suggestions with regard to the entire ontology or individual concepts, please visit the GOLD Community website at http://linguistics-ontology.org.
SemanticInverseVoice
SemanticInverseVoice; admitted name
SemanticInverseVoice; Source: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/SemanticInverseVoice; data element name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3467
Identifier: SemanticInverseVoice   Type: simple   Origin: GOLD (General Ontology for Linguistic Description): for the latest version see http://linguistics-ontology.org   Profile: Morphosyntax
Is a: VoiceProperty
Definition: If the agent outranks the patient on the relevant generic topic hierarchy, the direct-active clause is used. If the relevant norm is reversed and the patient outranks the agent on the relevant hierarchy, the inverse clause is used. [Givon 1994: 23]
Source: [Givon 1994: 23]
Note: This concept is part of the General Ontology for Linguistic Description (GOLD). It is a child concept of http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/VoiceProperty. For other relationships among the concepts see: http://linguistics-ontology.org/gold.
Note: To make suggestions with regard to the entire ontology or individual concepts, please visit the GOLD Community website at http://linguistics-ontology.org.

Order

Order; admitted name

PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1337

Identifier: order Type: complex/open Origin: ? Profile: Morphosyntax

Definition: A state in which all components or elements are arranged logically, comprehensibly, or naturally
Source: www.wordreference.com/English/definition.asp?en=order

Language sections: English, French

Data type: string

Past perfect

Past perfect; admitted name

PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1348

Identifier: pastPerfect Type: complex/open Origin: ? Profile: Morphosyntax

Definition: Past perfect tense is an absolute-relative tense that refers to a time in the past relative to a reference point, which itself is in the past relative to the moment of utterance
Source: www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsPastPerfectTense.htm

Definition: denoting a tense of verbs used in relating past events where the action had already occurred at the time of the action of a main verb that is itself in a past tense. In English this is a compound tense formed with had plus the past participle
Source: www.wordreference.com/English/definition.asp?en=past+perfect

Data type: string

Perfect

Perfect; admitted name

PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1351

Identifier: perfect Type: complex/open Origin: ? Profile: Morphosyntax

Definition: A verb tense that refers to completed action in the past. It corresponds to three English tenses.
Source: www.southwestern.edu/~carlg/Latin_Web/glossary.html

Example: She praised
Source: www.southwestern.edu/~carlg/Latin_Web/glossary.html

Language sections: English, French

Data type: string

Pluperfect

Pluperfect; admitted name

PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1353

Identifier: pluperfect Type: complex/open Origin: ? Profile: Morphosyntax

Definition: A verb tense that refers to action or state of being completed before some other event in the past. Its translation into English requires the use of the auxiliariy verb had.
Source: www.southwestern.edu/~carlg/Latin_Web/glossary.html

Example: They had praised
Source:

Language sections: English, French

Data type: string

Pronominal

Pronominal; admitted name

PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1369

Identifier: pronominal Type: simple Origin: ? Profile: Morphosyntax

Definition: A pronominal is a phrase that functions as a pronoun
Source: www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAPronominal.htm

Example: That's not the one I wanted
Source: www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prolative_case

Language sections: English, French

Qualifier

Qualifier; admitted name

PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1373

Identifier: qualifier Type: complex/open Origin: ? Profile: Morphosyntax

Definition: Also called MODIFIER : A word or phrase that qualifies the sense of another word; for example, the noun alarm is a modifier of clock in "alarm clock" and the phrase every day is an adverbial modifier of walks in "he walks every day"
Source: www.wordreference.com/English/definition.asp?en=modifier

Language sections: English, Czech, French

Data type: string

Substantive adjective

Substantive adjective; admitted name

PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1394

Identifier: substantiveAdjective Type: complex/open Origin: ? Profile: Morphosyntax

Definition: An adjective that modifies an implied, but not expressed, noun. When translating such an adjective into English, you must supply the missing noun.
Source: www.southwestern.edu/~carlg/Latin_Web/glossary.html

Language sections: English, French

Data type: string

Supine

Supine; admitted name

PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1397

Identifier: supine Type: complex/open Origin: ? Profile: Morphosyntax

Definition: The supine form of the verb in Swedish is used with the auxiliary verb ha (`to have') to form the perfective. The supine form is easy to spot a verb form that always ends with a t.
Source: www-linguistics.stanford.edu/linguistics/semgroup/archive/1999/sf_sells.html

Data type: string

Thing

Thing; admitted name

Thing; Source: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Thing; data element name

PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3525

Identifier: Thing Type: complex/open Origin: GOLD (General Ontology for Linguistic Description): for the latest version see http://linguistics-ontology.org Profile: Morphosyntax

Definition: In Web Ontology Language, Thing is the superclass of all classes. The most basic concepts in a domain should correspond to classes that are the roots of various taxonomic trees. Every individual in the OWL world is a member of the class owl:Thing. Thus each user-defined class is implicitly a subclass of owl:Thing. Domain specific root classes are defined by simply declaring a named class. [Smith, Welty and McGuinness 2004]
Source: [Smith, Welty and McGuinness 2004]

Note: This concept is part of the General Ontology for Linguistic Description (GOLD). For relationships among the concepts see: http://linguistics-ontology.org/gold.

Note: To make suggestions with regard to the entire ontology or individual concepts, please visit the GOLD Community website at http://linguistics-ontology.org.

Data type: string

Transgressive

Transgressive; admitted name

PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1404

Identifier: transgressive Type: complex/open Origin: ? Profile: Morphosyntax

Definition: present (action in the same time as of the predicate): The dog going through the house barks. past (action premature to the one of predicate): He has started to read the book after he had sat down.
Source: ark.wz.cz/cidarke/mverb.html

Language sections: English, Czech

Data type: string

abbreviation

abbreviation; standardized name

PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1418

Identifier: abbreviation Type: complex/open Origin: 311 Profiles: Morphosyntax, Terminology

Definition: Designation formed by omitting words or letters from a longer form and refering to the same concept.
Source:

Example: full form: adjective abbreviation: adj.
Source: Mitre; TEI(green text); 1951

Language sections: English, French

Data type: string

add

add; standardized name

PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2093

Identifier: add Type: complex/open Origin: Profile: Morphosyntax

Definition: Add a string at position X.
Source:

Language sections: English, French

Data type: string

add affix

add affix; standardized name

PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2201

Identifier: addAffix Type: complex/open Origin: Profile: Morphosyntax

Definition: Operation that adds the specified affix
Source:

Language sections: English, French

Data type: string

add after

add after; standardized name

PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1831

Identifier: addAfter Type: complex/open Origin: Profile: Morphosyntax

Definition: Operation that adds a string to the right
Source:
Note: ex in French, "chanter" => "chantera"

Language sections: English, French

Data type: string

add before

add before; standardized name

PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1829

Identifier: addBefore Type: complex/open Origin: Profile: Morphosyntax

Definition: Operation that adds a string to the left
Source:
Note: in German "lessen" => "gelessen"

Language sections: English, French

Data type: string

add component lemma

add component lemma; standardized name

PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2202

Identifier: addComponentLemma Type: complex/open Origin: Profile: Morphosyntax

Definition: Operation that adds the lemma of a specific component
Source:

Language sections: English, French

Data type: string

add component stem

add component stem; standardized name

PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2204

Identifier: addComponentStem Type: complex/open Origin: Profile: Morphosyntax

Definition: Operation that adds the stem of the specified component
Source:

Language sections: English, French

Data type: string

add first consonant

add first consonant; standardized name

PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2198

Identifier: addFirstConsonant Type: complex/open Origin: Profile: Morphosyntax

Definition: Operation that adds the first consonant of the operand
Source:

Language sections: English, French

Data type: string

add first vowel

add first vowel; standardized name

PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2199

Identifier: addFirstVowel Type: complex/open Origin: Profile: Morphosyntax

Definition: Operation that adds the first vowel of the operand
Source:

Language sections: English, French

Data type: string

add lemma

add lemma; standardized name

PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2200

Identifier: addLemma Type: complex/open Origin: Profile: Morphosyntax

Definition: Operation that adds the given lemma
Source:

Language sections: English, French

Data type: string

add lower case component lemma

add lower case component lemma; standardized name

PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2203

Identifier: addLowerCaseComponentLemma Type: complex/open Origin: Profile: Morphosyntax

Definition: Operation that adds the lemma of the component in lower case initiale
Source:

Language sections: English, French

Data type: string

adjutative voice

adjutative voice; standardized name

PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3844

Identifier: adjutativeVoice Type: simple Origin: Profiles: Private, Morphosyntax

Definition: voice for a construction where the subject of the verb is not an agent of the action denoted by the verb but is assisting an unstated agent in performing the action
Source: WP

Example: I helped them build the barn
Source: SEW

Language sections: English, French

affix

affix; standardized name

PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1234

Identifier: affix Type: complex/open Origin: ? Profile: Morphosyntax

Definition: Letter or group of letters which are added to a word to make a new word.
Source: Sue Ellen Wright

Language sections: English, French

Data type: string

affix rank

affix rank; standardized name

PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2184

Identifier: affixRank Type: complex/open Origin: Profile: Morphosyntax

Definition: Rank of an affix
Source:

Language sections: English, French

Data type: string

agreement

agreement; standardized name

PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2188

Identifier: agreement Type: complex/open Origin: Profile: Morphosyntax

Definition: Formal relationship whereby a word (or a sub-part of a word) requires a corresponding form of another word (or sub-part of a word)
Source:

Language sections: English, French

Data type: string

allomorph

allomorph; standardized name

PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1237

Identifier: allomorph Type: complex/open Origin: ? Profile: Morphosyntax

Definition: One of two or more complementary morphs which manifest a morpheme in its different phonological or morphological environments.
Source: www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAnAllomorph.htm
Note: "s" in "cots" and "digs" has the allomorphs represented phonetically by {-s} and {-z} respectively.

Example: [-s] as in [hQts] 'hats'
Source: www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allative_case

Language sections: English, French

Data type: string

animacy

animacy; standardized name

PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1902

Identifier: animacy Type: complex/closed Origin: 78 Profiles: Morphosyntax, Terminology

Definition: The characteristic of a word indicating that in a given discourse community, its referent is considered to be alive or to possess a quality of volition or consciousness.
Source: ISO12620

Language sections: English, French

Data type: string

animate
animate; standardized name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1911
Identifier: animate   Type: simple   Origin: 79   Profiles: Morphosyntax, Terminology
Definition: Perceived as alive.
Source: ISO12620
Language sections: English, French
inanimate
inanimate; standardized name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1952
Identifier: inanimate   Type: simple   Origin: 80   Profiles: Morphosyntax, Terminology
Definition: Perceived as not living.
Source: ISO12620
Example: chair (it)
Source: Mitre
Language sections: English, French
other animacy
other animacy; standardized name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1953
Identifier: otherAnimacy   Type: simple   Origin: 81   Profiles: Morphosyntax, Terminology
Definition: Perceived as related to animacy, but without specific reference to the previous items.
Source: ISO12620
Language sections: English, French

antipassive voice

antipassive voice; standardized name

PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3845

Identifier: antipassiveVoice Type: simple Origin: Profiles: Private, Morphosyntax

Definition: voice in a construction with a transitive verb where the object is deleted
Source: WP

Example: In Basque: Gauza miragarriak ikusirik nago / ikusia naiz (*I am seen wonderful things)
Source: WP

Language sections: English, French

any

any; standardized name

PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2193

Identifier: any Type: complex/open Origin: Profile: Morphosyntax

Definition: Markup meaning that all values are allowed
Source:

Language sections: English, French

Data type: string

aorist

aorist; standardized name

PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1240

Identifier: aorist Type: complex/open Origin: ? Profile: Morphosyntax

Definition: Simple past tense that is predominantly used for narration. Both the perfective and the imperfective forms can be used in the aorist without any restrictions.
Source: www.helsinki.fi/~bontchev/grammar/index.html

Language sections: English, French

Linguistic sections: English

Data type: string

apocope

apocope; standardized name

apocopate; admitted name

PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2254

Identifier: apocope Type: complex/open Origin: Profile: Morphosyntax

Definition: property concerning the deletion of the final element in a word
Source:

Language sections: English, French

Data type: string

apocope mood

apocope mood; standardized name

PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3843

Identifier: apocopeMood Type: simple Origin: Profiles: Private, Morphosyntax

Definition: mood expressed by an apocope
Source: Sfax lexicon

Language sections: English, French

applicative voice

applicative voice; standardized name

PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3846

Identifier: applicativeVoice Type: simple Origin: Profiles: Private, Morphosyntax

Definition: voice which promotes an oblique argument of a verb to the core patient argument and indicates the oblique role within the meaning of the verb
Source: WP

Language sections: English, French

approximate

approximate; standardized name

PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2206

Identifier: approximate Type: complex/open Origin: Profile: Morphosyntax

Definition: Property used to qualify something similar but not exactly the same
Source:

Language sections: English, French

Data type: string

aspect

aspect; standardized name

PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1242

Identifier: aspect Type: complex/closed Origin: ? Profile: Morphosyntax

Definition: Category associated to verbs and referring to the way the grammar marks the duration or type of temporal activity.
Source: Crystal

Example: I'll phone my mother tomorrow. (The event is planed as a single completed action.) From now on every week I'll phone my mother. (The action is intended to be completed successfully and repeated more than once.) Tomorrow afternoon I'll be preparing myself for the English language test. (The action will be in progress by tomorrow afternoon.)
Source:

Language sections: English, French

Data type: string

cessative
cessative; standardized name
accomplished; admitted name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2001
Identifier: cessative   Type: simple   Origin:    Profile: Morphosyntax
Definition: Aspect that expresses the cessation of an event or state.
Source: SIL
Language sections: English, French
imperfective
imperfective; standardized name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1305
Identifier: imperfective   Type: simple   Origin: ?   Profile: Morphosyntax
Definition: Imperfective aspect is an aspect that expresses an event or state, with respect to its internal structure, instead of expressing it as a simple whole.
Source: www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsImperfectiveAspect.htm
Example: Here are some examples of imperfective aspect: Progressive aspect Example: be + -ing Habitual aspect with Example: used to
Source: www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsImperfectiveAspect.htm
Language sections: English, French
inchoative
inchoative; standardized name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2002
Identifier: inchoative   Type: simple   Origin:    Profile: Morphosyntax
Definition: Aspect that expresses the beginning of an event or state.
Source:
Language sections: English, French
perfective
perfective; standardized name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1352
Identifier: perfective   Type: simple   Origin: ?   Profile: Morphosyntax
Definition: Perfective aspect is an aspect that expresses a temporal view of an event or state as a simple whole, apart from the consideration of the internal structure of the time in which it occurs.
Source: www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsPerfectiveAspect.htm
Example: He walked there.This type of construction expresses a temporal view of walk distinct from those expressed in the following constructions: - He was walking there. - He used to walk there
Source: ww.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsPerfectiveAspect.htm
Language sections: English, French
unaccomplished
unaccomplished; standardized name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2217
Identifier: unaccomplished   Type: simple   Origin:    Profile: Morphosyntax
Definition: aspect that expresses an event or state that is not finished.
Source:
Language sections: English, French

auxiliary

auxiliary; standardized name

PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1244

Identifier: auxiliary Type: simple Origin: ? Profile: Morphosyntax

Is a: verb

Definition: Part of speech referring to the set of verbs, subordinate to the main lexical verb which help to make distinction in mood, aspect, voice etc.
Source: Crystal 2003

Example: Be
Source:

Language sections: English, French

be; standardized name

PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1246

Identifier: be Type: simple Origin: ? Profile: Morphosyntax

Definition: Verb used to link the subject of a sentence and its noun or adjective complement or complementing phrase in certain languages. This verb could be used also to form the passive voice.
Source: www.wordreference.com/English/definition.asp?en=be -> 4)

Example: I am happy !
Source: zeus.inalf.fr Base

Language sections: English, French

broken plural

broken plural; standardized name

PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2218

Identifier: brokenPlural Type: simple Origin: Profile: Morphosyntax

Is a: plural

Definition: Internal plural that do not have any inflection.
Source:

Language sections: English, French

case

case; standardized name

PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1840

Identifier: case Type: complex/closed Origin: Profile: Morphosyntax

Definition: In a given sentence, the way in which the form of a word changes in order to express a relationship with one or several words of the sentence. The morphological modification may apply to nouns, pronouns noun phrase constituents, such as adjectives or numerals.
Source:
Note: English marks case only on pronouns: nominative (e.g. I), objective (e.g. me) and genitive (e.g. my) and on nouns: (e.g. boy's and boys'). Latin marks six cases: nominative, vocative, accusative, genitive, dative and ablative.

Language sections: English, French

Data type: string

abessive case
abessive case; standardized name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1223
Identifier: abessiveCase   Type: simple   Origin: ?   Profile: Morphosyntax
Definition: Case that expresses the lack or absence of the referent of the noun it marks.
Source: Pei and Gaynor 1954 & Gove 1966
Language sections: English, French
ablative case
ablative case; standardized name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1224
Identifier: ablativeCase   Type: simple   Origin: ?   Profile: Morphosyntax
Definition: Case used to typically indicate locative or instrumental function.
Source: Crystal 2003
Note: The case is usually translated into English with a preposition.
Example: By the window, in the doghouse
Source:
Note: Ablative is one of the six locative cases which as their basic meaning correspond to locational prepositions in English.
Language sections: English, French
absolutive case
absolutive case; standardized name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1225
Identifier: absolutiveCase   Type: simple   Origin: ?   Profile: Morphosyntax
Definition: Case for nouns in ergative-absolute languages that would generally be the subjects of intransitive verbs or the objects of transitive verbs in the translational equivalents of nominative-accusative languages such as English.
Source: dfki
Language sections: English, French
accusative case
accusative case; standardized name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1226
Identifier: accusativeCase   Type: simple   Origin: ?   Profile: Morphosyntax
Definition: Case used to indicate direct object.
Source: Crystal 2003
Language sections: English, French
adessive case
adessive case; standardized name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1228
Identifier: adessiveCase   Type: simple   Origin: ?   Profile: Morphosyntax
Definition: Case which expresses the meaning of presence 'at' or 'near' a place.
Source: Crystal 2003
Note: Adessive is one of the six locative cases which as their basic meaning correspond to locational prepositions in English.
Language sections: English, French
aditive case
aditive case; standardized name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1229
Identifier: aditiveCase   Type: simple   Origin: ?   Profile: Morphosyntax
Definition: Case expressing "to" in Basque studies.
Source: SIL
Language sections: English, French
allative case
allative case; standardized name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1236
Identifier: allativeCase   Type: simple   Origin: ?   Profile: Morphosyntax
Definition: Case which expresses the meaning of motion 'to' or 'towards' the referent it marks.
Source: Crystal 2003
Note: For instance in Finnish.
Language sections: English, French
benefactive case
benefactive case; standardized name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1247
Identifier: benefactiveCase   Type: simple   Origin: ?   Profile: Morphosyntax
Definition: Case that expresses that the referent of the noun it marks receives the benefit of the situation expressed by the clause.
Source: SIL
Language sections: English, French
causative case
causative case; standardized name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1253
Identifier: causativeCase   Type: simple   Origin: ?   Profile: Morphosyntax
Definition: Case which expresses that the referent of the noun it marks is the cause of the situation expressed by the clause.
Source: SIL
Language sections: English, French
comitative case
comitative case; standardized name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1255
Identifier: comitativeCase   Type: simple   Origin: ?   Profile: Morphosyntax
Definition: Case which expresses a meaning similar to 'along with' or 'accompagnied by'.
Source: Crystal 2003
Example: A bartommal mentem. The friend-my-with went-I 'I went with my friend.' In Hungarian the suffix used is val/vel
Source:
Note: Found in Finnish, Hungarian and Estonian
Language sections: English, French
dative case
dative case; standardized name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1265
Identifier: dativeCase   Type: simple   Origin: ?   Profile: Morphosyntax
Definition: Case that expresses an indirect object relationship or a range of meaning similar to that covered by 'to' or 'for' in English; but there is a great deal of variation between languages in the way this case is used.
Source: Crystal 2003
Example: They ate themselves a good lunch
Source: www.latl.unige.ch
Language sections: English, French
delative case
delative case; standardized name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1268
Identifier: delativeCase   Type: simple   Origin: ?   Profile: Morphosyntax
Definition: Case which expresses motion downward from the referent of the noun it marks.
Source: SIL
Language sections: English, French
elative case
elative case; standardized name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1276
Identifier: elativeCase   Type: simple   Origin: ?   Profile: Morphosyntax
Definition: Case which expresses the meaning of motion 'away from' from the referent of the noun it marks.
Source: Crystal 2003
Note: For instance, for Finnish.
Note: Elative is one of the six locative cases which as their basic meaning correspond to locational prepositions in English
Language sections: English, French
equative case
equative case; standardized name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1279
Identifier: equativeCase   Type: simple   Origin: ?   Profile: Morphosyntax
Definition: Case that expresses likeness or identity to the referent of the noun it marks. It can have meaning, such as: 'as', 'like', or 'in the capacity of'.
Source: SIL
Language sections: English, French
ergative case
ergative case; standardized name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1280
Identifier: ergativeCase   Type: simple   Origin: ?   Profile: Morphosyntax
Definition: Case assigned to the subject of a transitive verb as opposed to absolutive case.
Source: www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergative_case
Note: For instance for Basque and Eskimo.
Language sections: English, French
essive case
essive case; standardized name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1281
Identifier: essiveCase   Type: simple   Origin: ?   Profile: Morphosyntax
Definition: Case which expresses a state of being.
Source: Crystal 2003
Language sections: English, French
genitive case
genitive case; standardized name
possessive case; admitted name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1293
Identifier: genitiveCase   Type: simple   Origin: ?   Profile: Morphosyntax
Definition: Case which expresses a possessive relationship (e.g. the boy's book) or some other similarly close connection (e.g. a summer's day).
Source: Crystal 2003
Note: There is a great deal of variation between languages in the way this case is used.
Example: The brick of the wall
Source:
Note: Hardly any English nouns decline, but the genitive case is indicated by the endings 's (belonging to one) and s' (belonging to more than one) in such phrases as the dog's bone, the cats' litter box.
Language sections: English, French
illative case
illative case; standardized name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1303
Identifier: illativeCase   Type: simple   Origin: ?   Profile: Morphosyntax
Definition: Case which expresses the meaning of 'motion into' or 'direction towards' the referent of the noun it marks.
Source: Crystal 2003
Note: Illative is one of the six locative cases which as their basic meaning correspond to locational prepositions in English
Language sections: English, French
inessive case
inessive case; standardized name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1311
Identifier: inessiveCase   Type: simple   Origin: ?   Profile: Morphosyntax
Definition: Case which expresses the meaning of location or position within a place.
Source: Crystal 2003
Note: For instance for Finnish.
Note: Inessive is one of the six locative cases which as their basic meaning correspond to locational prepositions in English
Language sections: English, French
instrumental case
instrumental case; standardized name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1316
Identifier: instrumentalCase   Type: simple   Origin: ?   Profile: Morphosyntax
Definition: Case indicating that the referent of the noun it marks is the means of the accomplishment of the action expressed by the clause.
Source: SIL
Language sections: English, French
lative case
lative case; standardized name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1323
Identifier: lativeCase   Type: simple   Origin: ?   Profile: Morphosyntax
Definition: Case which expresses motion to a location.
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lative_case
Note: For instance, in some Uralic languages like Erzya or Moksha. In finnish, lative is not productive anymore.
Language sections: English, French
locative case
locative case; standardized name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1326
Identifier: locativeCase   Type: simple   Origin: ?   Profile: Morphosyntax
Definition: Case that indicates a final location of action or a time of the action.
Source: www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locative_case
Example: On chital v komnate. (This is Cyrilic)He read-past in room-loc. 'He was reading in the room.'
Source:
Language sections: English, French
nominative case
nominative case; standardized name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1331
Identifier: nominativeCase   Type: simple   Origin: ?   Profile: Morphosyntax
Definition: Case used to indicate the subject of a verb.
Source: www.southwestern.edu/~carlg/Latin_Web/glossary.html
Note: Nouns used in isolation have this case.
Example: I did it
Source: www.atilf.inalf.fr Tlfi, MORPHEME, A,1
Language sections: English, French
oblique case
oblique case; standardized name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1336
Identifier: obliqueCase   Type: simple   Origin: ?   Profile: Morphosyntax
Definition: Case that is used when a noun is the object of a verb or a proposition, except for nominative and vocative case.
Source: www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/oblique+case +
Language sections: English, French
partitive case
partitive case; standardized name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2003
Identifier: partitiveCase   Type: simple   Origin:    Profile: Morphosyntax
Definition: Case that expresses the partial nature of the referent of the noun it marks, as opposed to expressing the whole unit or class of which the referent is a part.
Source: DFKI
Language sections: English, French
prolative case
prolative case; standardized name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1368
Identifier: prolativeCase   Type: simple   Origin: ?   Profile: Morphosyntax
Definition: Case for a noun or a pronoun that expresses motion within a place or a period of time needed for an event.
Source:
Note: Prolative is widely used in Estonian. There is a great deal of variation about this term in the various dictionaries.
Language sections: English, French
sociative case
sociative case; standardized name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1388
Identifier: sociativeCase   Type: simple   Origin: ?   Profile: Morphosyntax
Definition: Case related to the person in whose company the action is carried out, or to any belongings of people which take part in the action.
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociative_case
Note: This case is not productive any more; nowadays the instrumental-comitative case is usually used instead.
Language sections: English, French
sublative case
sublative case; standardized name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1392
Identifier: sublativeCase   Type: simple   Origin: ?   Profile: Morphosyntax
Definition: Case for a move of something to the surface of another object.
Source: www.hungarotips.com/hungarian/i/fonev1.html
Note: Be sure it will NOT be inside of the object, only ON the object. Sublative endings: -ra, -re Example sentences: Leteszem a táskát a székre. -- I put the bag on the chair. Felakasztjuk a képet a falra. -- We are hanging up the picture to the wall.
Language sections: English, French
superessive case
superessive case; standardized name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1396
Identifier: superessiveCase   Type: simple   Origin: ?   Profile: Morphosyntax
Definition: Case indicating location on top of something or on the surface of something.
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superessive_case
Language sections: English, French
terminative case
terminative case; standardized name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1401
Identifier: terminativeCase   Type: simple   Origin: ?   Profile: Morphosyntax
Definition: Case that indicates to what or where something ends.
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminative_case
Note: Fir instance in Estonian, jõeni: "to the river" / "as far as the river"
Language sections: English, French
translative case
translative case; standardized name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1406
Identifier: translativeCase   Type: simple   Origin: ?   Profile: Morphosyntax
Definition: Case indicating that the referent of the noun, or the quality of the adjective, that it marks is the result of a process of change.
Source: SIL
Note: In Finnish, this is the counterpart of the essive case.
Language sections: English, French
vocative case
vocative case; standardized name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1412
Identifier: vocativeCase   Type: simple   Origin: ?   Profile: Morphosyntax
Definition: Case used to indicate direct address.
Source: www.southwestern.edu/~carlg/Latin_Web/glossary.html
Example: You're a good man, Charlie Brown
Source: ELM-FR:EAGLES Specifications for French
Language sections: English, French

causative voice

causative voice; standardized name

causative voice; Source: ; data element name

PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3847

Identifier: causativeVoice Type: complex/open Origin: Profiles: Private, Morphosyntax

Definition: voice where the subject causes someone or something else to do or be something
Source:

Example: I caused him to loose his place
Source: SEW

Language sections: English, French

Data type: string

character coding

character coding; standardized name

PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2089

Identifier: characterCoding Type: complex/open Origin: Profile: Morphosyntax

Definition: Designation of the standard used to code the characters.
Source:
Note: For instance ISO-10646, in other terms Unicode.

Language sections: English, French

Data type: string

circumstantial voice

circumstantial voice; standardized name

circumstantial voice; Source: ; data element name

PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3848

Identifier: circumstantialVoice Type: simple Origin: Profiles: Private, Morphosyntax

Definition: voice that promotes an oblique argument of a verb to the role of subject
Source: WP

Note: in Malagasy language

Language sections: English, French

citation form (vernacular)

citation form (vernacular); admitted name

citation form (vernacular); Source: Coward, David F. & Grimes, Charles E. (2000). Making Dictionaries: A guide to lexicography and the Multi-Dictionary Formatter. Waxhaw, North Carolina: SIL International (1st ed. 1995). URL: http://www.sil.org/computing/shoebox/MDF_2000.pdf http://www.sil.org/computing/shoebox/MDF_Updates.html ; data element name

lc; Source: MDF; data element name

PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3716

Identifier: citation_form_vernacular Type: complex/open Origin: Coward, David F. & Grimes, Charles E. (2000). Making Dictionaries: A guide to lexicography and the Multi-Dictionary Formatter. Waxhaw, North Carolina: SIL International (1st ed. 1995). URL: http://www.sil.org/computing/shoebox/MDF_2000.pdf http://www.sil.org/computing/shoebox/MDF_Updates.html Profiles: Private, Lexicography, Morphosyntax, Language Codes

Definition: This should be added only if the lexical entry form is inappropriate for the printed dictionary, and you want to substitute another form for the printed entry. When formatting a document, MDF always replaces the contents of the lx field with the contents of the lc field (if present).
Source: Coward, David F. & Grimes, Charles E. (2000). Making Dictionaries: A guide to lexicography and the Multi-Dictionary Formatter. Waxhaw, North Carolina: SIL International (1st ed. 1995). URL: http://www.sil.org/computing/shoebox/MDF_2000.pdf http://www.sil.org/computing/shoebox/MDF_Updates.html

Data type: string

classifier

classifier; standardized name

PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2345

Identifier: classifier Type: simple Origin: Profile: Morphosyntax

Definition: part of speech related to a noun to express the sub-classes to which a noun belongs.
Source:
Note: Originally used to express the unit of a noun in counting.

Language sections: English, French

cliticness

cliticness; standardized name

PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1903

Identifier: cliticness Type: complex/closed Origin: Profile: Morphosyntax

Definition: Categorization of the different types of clitics
Source: MultText-East
Note: For instance, for Slovene, cliticness has the following values no=ne yes=da bound=navezna

Language sections: English, French

Data type: string

bound
bound; standardized name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1933
Identifier: bound   Type: simple   Origin:    Profile: Morphosyntax
Definition: Linked to a particular element.
Source:
Language sections: English, French
no
no; standardized name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1905
Identifier: no   Type: simple   Origin:    Profile: Morphosyntax
Definition: Value for negation.
Source:
Language sections: English, French
yes
yes; standardized name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1904
Identifier: yes   Type: simple   Origin:    Profile: Morphosyntax
Definition: Positive value
Source:
Language sections: English, French

close bracket

close bracket; standardized name

PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2083

Identifier: closeBracket Type: simple Origin: Profile: Morphosyntax

Is a: close punctuation

Definition: Punctuation that is graphically represented by ]
Source:

Language sections: English, French

close curly bracket

close curly bracket; standardized name

PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2085

Identifier: closeCurlyBracket Type: simple Origin: Profile: Morphosyntax

Is a: close punctuation

Definition: Punctuation that is graphically represented by }
Source:

Language sections: English, French

close punctuation

close punctuation; standardized name

PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2079

Identifier: closePunctuation Type: simple Origin: Profile: Morphosyntax

Is a: punctuation

Definition: End of a paired punctuation.
Source:

Language sections: English, French

clusivity

clusivity; admitted name

clusivity; Source: Filimonova, E. (Ed.). 2005. Clusivity. Typological and case studies of the inclusive-exclusive distinction. (Typological Studies in Language. Volume 63). Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company ; data element name

PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3031

Identifier: clusivity Type: complex/closed Origin: Filimonova, E. (Ed.). 2005. Clusivity. Typological and case studies of the inclusive-exclusive distinction. (Typological Studies in Language. Volume 63). Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company Profiles: Private, Morphosyntax, Lexicography, Terminology

Definition: The category that encodes "whether the addressee (addressees) are included in or excluded from the set of referents which also contains the speaker".
Source: Filimonova 2005: xii

Data type: string

exclusive
exclusive; admitted name
exclusive; Source: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3031; data element name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3029
Identifier: exclusive Type: simple Origin: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3031 Profiles: Private, Morphosyntax, Lexicography, Terminology
Definition: a form denoting that the addressee (addressees) are not included into the set of their referents which contain also the speaker
Source: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3031
inclusive
inclusive; admitted name
inclusive; Source: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3031; data element name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3030
Identifier: inclusive Type: simple Origin: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3031 Profiles: Private, Morphosyntax, Lexicography, Terminology
Definition: the form denoting that the addressee (addressees) are included into the set of their referents which contain also the speaker
Source: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3031

coding

coding; standardized name

PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2242

Identifier: coding Type: complex/open Origin: Profile: Morphosyntax

Definition: system of marking so that data can be understood
Source:

Language sections: English, French

Data type: string

comment

comment; standardized name

PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1846

Identifier: comment Type: complex/open Origin: Profile: Morphosyntax

Definition: Textual content about an element
Source:

Language sections: English, French

Data type: string

component rank

component rank; standardized name

PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2185

Identifier: componentRank Type: complex/open Origin: Profile: Morphosyntax

Definition: Rank of a component
Source:

Language sections: English, French

Data type: string

conjugated

conjugated; standardized name

PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2207

Identifier: conjugated Type: complex/open Origin: Profile: Morphosyntax

Definition: Property of a verbal form when inflected
Source:

Language sections: English, French

Data type: string

contextual variation

contextual variation; standardized name

PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1977

Identifier: contextualVariation Type: complex/open Origin: Profile: Morphosyntax

Definition: Variation on a particular usage or immediate proximity of words.
Source: Gil Francopoulo

Language sections: English, French

Data type: string

copy

copy; standardized name

PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1835

Identifier: copy Type: complex/open Origin: Profile: Morphosyntax

Definition: Operation that duplicates N characters from position X at position Y
Source:
Note: e.g. the plural by mean of duplication like in Indonesian "mata" (eye) => "mata-mata" (eyes)

Language sections: English, French

Data type: string

countable noun

countable noun; standardized name

PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2276

Identifier: countableNoun Type: simple Origin: Profile: Morphosyntax

Is a: noun

Definition: noun referring to one or several concepts that may be counted
Source:

Language sections: English, French

country coding

country coding; standardized name

PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2092

Identifier: countryCoding Type: complex/open Origin: Profile: Morphosyntax

Definition: Designation of the standard used to code the country.
Source:
Note: For instance, ISO-3166-1

Language sections: English, French

Data type: string

creation date

creation date; standardized name

creation date; Source: GF; TBX-Basic; data element name

PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2251

Identifier: creationDate Type: complex/open Origin: Profiles: Terminology, Morphosyntax

Definition: Date of creation.
Source: GF

Definition: [Proposed harmonization] The date when a resource or resource fragment was created.
Source: SEW

Language sections: English, French

Data type: date

date coding

date coding; standardized name

PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2090

Identifier: dateCoding Type: complex/open Origin: Profile: Morphosyntax

Definition: Designation of the standard used to code the dates.
Source:
Note: For instance, ISO-8601 in order to code the creation date of an object. Let's note that the date contains the time and the time zone of the time.

Language sections: English, French

Data type: string

dating

dating; standardized name

PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1959

Identifier: dating Type: complex/closed Origin: Profile: Morphosyntax

Definition: Indication specifying whether the usage is old or modern.
Source:

Language sections: English, French

Data type: string

modern
modern; standardized name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1962
Identifier: modern Type: simple Origin: Profile: Morphosyntax
Definition: Currently in use.
Source:
Language sections: English, French
old
old; standardized name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1961
Identifier: old Type: simple Origin: Profile: Morphosyntax
Definition: Used in the past.
Source:
Language sections: English, French

declarative punctuation

declarative punctuation; standardized name

PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2086

Identifier: declarativePunctuation Type: simple Origin: Profile: Morphosyntax

Is a: main punctuation

Definition: Punctuation used at the end a declarative sentence.
Source:

Language sections: English, French

definiteness

definiteness; standardized name

PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1926

Identifier: definiteness Type: complex/closed Origin: Profile: Morphosyntax

Definition: Property about the possiblity to identify an entity.
Source:
Note: Definiteness in English is generally conveyed through the use of definite determiners, such as "this" or "the". fullArticle and shortArticle are for Bulgarian.

Language sections: English, French

Data type: string

definite
definite; standardized name
status emphaticus; admitted name
status determinatus; admitted name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2004
Identifier: definite   Type: simple   Origin:    Profile: Morphosyntax
Definition: Value referring to the capacity of identification of an entity.
Source:
Language sections: English, French
full article
full article; standardized name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1928
Identifier: fullArticle   Type: simple   Origin:    Profile: Morphosyntax
Definition: For definiteness, when a specific form is the syntactic subject of the clause.
Source: DFKI
Note: For Bulgarian, for instance.
Language sections: English, French
indefinite
indefinite; standardized name
status absolutus; admitted name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2005
Identifier: indefinite   Type: simple   Origin:    Profile: Morphosyntax
Definition: Value related to an entity in a situation where the identification of this entity is not clear cut.
Source:
Note: indefinite is the contrary of definite
Language sections: English, French
short article
short article; standardized name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1927
Identifier: shortArticle   Type: simple   Origin:    Profile: Morphosyntax
Definition: For definiteness, when a specific form is not the syntactic subject of the clause.
Source:
Note: For Bulgarian, for instance.
Language sections: English, French

definition

definition; standardized name

PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1972

Identifier: definition Type: complex/open Origin: 168 Profiles: Morphosyntax, Terminology

Definition: Representation of a concept by a descriptive statement which serves to differentiate it from related concepts.
Source:

Language sections: English, French

Data type: string

degree

degree; standardized name

PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1419

Identifier: degree Type: complex/closed Origin: Profile: Morphosyntax

Definition: Property concerning comparison.
Source:
Note: In English, "good" is positive, "better" is comparative and "best" is superlative.

Language sections: English, French

Linguistic sections: English

Data type: string

comparative
comparative; standardized name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1421
Identifier: comparative   Type: simple   Origin:    Profile: Morphosyntax
Definition: Comparative is the comparison where only two entites are involved.
Source:
Note: In English, "better" is comparative, "best" is superlative and "good" is positive.
Language sections: English, French
positive
positive; standardized name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1420
Identifier: positive   Type: simple   Origin:    Profile: Morphosyntax
Definition: Value used in a comparison relationship when no comparison is involved.
Source:
Note: In English, "good" is positive, "better" is comparative and "best" is superlative.
Language sections: English, French
superlative
superlative; standardized name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1422
Identifier: superlative   Type: simple   Origin:    Profile: Morphosyntax
Definition: Value used in a comparison between more than two entities.
Source:
Note: In English, "good" is positive, "better" is comparative and "best" is superlative.
Language sections: English, French

derivation

derivation; standardized name

PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1271

Identifier: derivation Type: complex/open Origin: ? Profile: Morphosyntax

Definition: Change in the form of a linguistic unit, usually modification in the base/root or affixation to create a new word.
Source: Sue Ellen Wright + Gil Francopoulo
Note: Sometimes derivation signals a change in part of speech, such as "nation" to "nationalize". Sometimes the part of speech remains the same as in "nationalization" vs "denationalization".

Example: Kindness is derived from kind
Source:

Language sections: English, French

Data type: string

direction

direction; standardized name

PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2238

Identifier: direction Type: complex/open Origin: Profile: Morphosyntax

Definition: general way in which something changes or develops
Source: Gil Francopoulo

Language sections: English, French

Data type: string

domain

domain; standardized name

PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2212

Identifier: domain Type: complex/open Origin: Profile: Morphosyntax

Definition: area of activity, interest, or knowledge
Source:

Language sections: English, French

Data type: string

el inclusion

el inclusion; standardized name

PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2219

Identifier: elInclusion Type: complex/open Origin: Profile: Morphosyntax

Definition: Feature for nouns to express the property that the noun may be associated with article el.
Source: MIRACL & LSCA
Note: For the article "الْ" in Arabic.

Language sections: English, French

Data type: string

elative

elative; standardized name

PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2220

Identifier: elative Type: simple Origin: Profile: Morphosyntax

Definition: value used to qualify someone or something as superior
Source: MIRACL & LSCA
Note: In some languages such as Arabic, the concept of comparative and superlative degree of an adjective are merged into a single form, the elative. Not to be confused with elative case.

Example: The elative of kabir (big) is akbar (bigger/biggest).
Source:

Language sections: English, French

elative noun

elative noun; standardized name

PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3860

Identifier: elativeNoun Type: simple Origin: Profiles: Private, Morphosyntax

Definition: noun to express both comparative and superlative
Source:

Language sections: English, French

elision

elision; standardized name

PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1277

Identifier: elision Type: complex/open Origin: ? Profile: Morphosyntax

Definition: The omission of a syllable or vowel at the beginning or end of a word, esp. when a word ending with a vowel is next to one beginning with a vowel.
Source: www.wordreference.com/English/definition.asp?en=elision

Example: cats 'n dogs = 'cats and dogs'
Source: www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elative_case

Language sections: English, French

Data type: string

etymological root

etymological root; standardized name

PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1987

Identifier: etymologicalRoot Type: complex/open Origin: Profile: Morphosyntax

Definition: Morpheme that has a particular status with regards to the word's etymology.
Source:
Note: For instance, in Arabic language, the root has a particular status.

Language sections: English, French

Data type: string

etymology proto-form (vernacular)

etymology proto-form (vernacular); admitted name

etymology proto-form (vernacular); Source: Source: Coward, David F. & Grimes, Charles E. (2000). Making Dictionaries: A guide to lexicography and the Multi-Dictionary Formatter. Waxhaw, North Carolina: SIL International (1st ed. 1995). URL: http://www.sil.org/computing/shoebox/MDF_2000.pdf http://www.sil.org/computing/shoebox/MDF_Updates.html ; data element name

et; Source: MDF; data element name

PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3704

Identifier: etymology_proto-form_vernacular Type: complex/open Origin: Source: Coward, David F. & Grimes, Charles E. (2000). Making Dictionaries: A guide to lexicography and the Multi-Dictionary Formatter. Waxhaw, North Carolina: SIL International (1st ed. 1995). URL: http://www.sil.org/computing/shoebox/MDF_2000.pdf http://www.sil.org/computing/shoebox/MDF_Updates.html Profiles: Private, Lexicography, Language Codes, Morphosyntax

Definition: The etymology for the lexeme is put here, e.g.: et *babuy
Source: Source: Coward, David F. & Grimes, Charles E. (2000). Making Dictionaries: A guide to lexicography and the Multi-Dictionary Formatter. Waxhaw, North Carolina: SIL International (1st ed. 1995). URL: http://www.sil.org/computing/shoebox/MDF_2000.pdf http://www.sil.org/computing/shoebox/MDF_Updates.html

Data type: string

exact

exact; standardized name

PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2205

Identifier: exact Type: complex/open Origin: Profile: Morphosyntax

Definition: Completely correct in every detail
Source:

Language sections: English, French

Data type: string

example

example; standardized name

PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1958

Identifier: example Type: complex/open Origin: 222 Profiles: Morphosyntax, Terminology

Definition: Descriptive material that provides a sample of an object or entity defined in the entry.
Source: ISO12620

Language sections: English, French

Data type: string

expansion variation

expansion variation; standardized name

PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1850

Identifier: expansionVariation Type: complex/open Origin: Profile: Morphosyntax

Definition: Description of the kind of variation between full and abbreviated forms.
Source:

Language sections: English, French

Data type: string

expletive

expletive; standardized name

PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1283

Identifier: expletive Type: complex/open Origin: ? Profile: Morphosyntax

Definition: Word which serves no grammatical function, but which fills up a sentence or gives emphasis.
Source: www.southwestern.edu/~carlg/Latin_Web/glossary.html

Language sections: English, French

Linguistic sections: English

Data type: string

external reference

external reference; standardized name

hook; admitted name

PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1975

Identifier: externalReference Type: complex/open Origin: Profile: Morphosyntax

Definition: Reference to a particular node of an external descriptive system.
Source: LMF

Language sections: English, French

Data type: string

external system

external system; standardized name

PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1974

Identifier: externalSystem Type: complex/open Origin: Profile: Morphosyntax

Definition: Reference to an external descriptive system.
Source: LMF
Note: For instance, the reference from a lexicon to an external system like SUMO.

Language sections: English, French

Data type: string

ezafe

ezafe; standardized name

PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2999

Identifier: ezafe Type: simple Origin: Profiles: Private, Morphosyntax

Definition: enclitic morpheme used to form noun phrases and that can denote possession, can form apposition or can join adjectives to nouns.
Source: Karlheinz Mörth

Example: In New Persian, "ketāb-e man" means "my book".
Source:

Language sections: English, French

finitness

finitness; standardized name

PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1893

Identifier: finiteness Type: complex/closed Origin: Profile: Morphosyntax

Definition: Property referring to finite and non-finite status of a verbal form.
Source:

Language sections: English, French

Data type: string

finite
finite; standardized name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1287
Identifier: finite Type: simple Origin: ? Profile: Morphosyntax
Definition: Property applied to a verb form that can occur on its own in an independent sentence.
Source: Crystal 2003
Note: In English, all forms except the infinitives and participles are finite. All forms permit contrast in tense and mood.
Language sections: English, French
non-finite
non-finite; standardized name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1332
Identifier: nonFinite Type: simple Origin: ? Profile: Morphosyntax
Definition: Property related for verb forms occurring on their own only in dependent clauses and lacking tense and mood contrasts.
Source: adapted from Crystal 2003
Example: En. infinitive It took courage to continue after the accident.(En. -ing form) Leaving home can be very traumatic. En. past participle Leave immediately when you are asked to do so.
Source: www.ucl.ac.uk/internet-grammar/verbs/xverb3.htm
Language sections: English, French

first dual (vernacular)

first dual (vernacular); admitted name

first dual (vernacular); Source: Source: Coward, David F. & Grimes, Charles E. (2000). Making Dictionaries: A guide to lexicography and the Multi-Dictionary Formatter. Waxhaw, North Carolina: SIL International (1st ed. 1995). URL: http://www.sil.org/computing/shoebox/MDF_2000.pdf http://www.sil.org/computing/shoebox/MDF_Updates.html ; data element name

1d; Source: MDF; data element name

PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2797

Identifier: first_dual_vernacular Type: complex/open Origin: Source: Coward, David F. & Grimes, Charles E. (2000). Making Dictionaries: A guide to lexicography and the Multi-Dictionary Formatter. Waxhaw, North Carolina: SIL International (1st ed. 1995). URL: http://www.sil.org/computing/shoebox/MDF_2000.pdf http://www.sil.org/computing/shoebox/MDF_Updates.html Profiles: Private, Morphosyntax, Lexicography, Language Codes

Definition: Used to give the vernacular for this particular paradigm form. (It is better to use the pdl field set for this.)
Source: Source: Coward, David F. & Grimes, Charles E. (2000). Making Dictionaries: A guide to lexicography and the Multi-Dictionary Formatter. Waxhaw, North Carolina: SIL International (1st ed. 1995). URL: http://www.sil.org/computing/shoebox/MDF_2000.pdf http://www.sil.org/computing/shoebox/MDF_Updates.html

Explanation: Used to give the vernacular for this particular paradigm form
Source: MDF set

Data type: string

first plural (vernacular)

first plural (vernacular); admitted name

first plural (vernacular); Source: Source: Coward, David F. & Grimes, Charles E. (2000). Making Dictionaries: A guide to lexicography and the Multi-Dictionary Formatter. Waxhaw, North Carolina: SIL International (1st ed. 1995). URL: http://www.sil.org/computing/shoebox/MDF_2000.pdf http://www.sil.org/computing/shoebox/MDF_Updates.html ; data element name

1p; Source: MDF; data element name

PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3675

Identifier: first_plural_vernacular Type: complex/open Origin: Source: Coward, David F. & Grimes, Charles E. (2000). Making Dictionaries: A guide to lexicography and the Multi-Dictionary Formatter. Waxhaw, North Carolina: SIL International (1st ed. 1995). URL: http://www.sil.org/computing/shoebox/MDF_2000.pdf http://www.sil.org/computing/shoebox/MDF_Updates.html Profiles: Private, Morphosyntax, Lexicography, Language Codes

Data type: string

first plural exclusive (vernacular)

first plural exclusive (vernacular); admitted name

first plural exclusive (vernacular); Source: Coward, David F. & Grimes, Charles E. (2000). Making Dictionaries: A guide to lexicography and the Multi-Dictionary Formatter. Waxhaw, North Carolina: SIL International (1st ed. 1995). URL: http://www.sil.org/computing/shoebox/MDF_2000.pdf http://www.sil.org/computing/shoebox/MDF_Updates.html ; data element name

1e; Source: MDF; data element name

PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3028

Identifier: first_plural_exclusive_vernacular Type: complex/open Origin: Coward, David F. & Grimes, Charles E. (2000). Making Dictionaries: A guide to lexicography and the Multi-Dictionary Formatter. Waxhaw, North Carolina: SIL International (1st ed. 1995) URL: http://www.sil.org/computing/shoebox/MDF_2000.pdf http://www.sil.org/computing/shoebox/MDF_Updates.html Profiles: Morphosyntax, Private, Lexicography, Language Codes

Definition: The form used to give the vernacular for this particular paradigm form.
Source: Source: Coward, David F. & Grimes, Charles E. (2000). Making Dictionaries: A guide to lexicography and the Multi-Dictionary Formatter. Waxhaw, North Carolina: SIL International (1st ed. 1995). URL: http://www.sil.org/computing/shoebox/MDF_2000.pdf http://www.sil.org/computing/shoebox/MDF_Updates.html

Explanation: combined of three categories: person, number and clusivity
Source:

Data type: string

first plural inclusive (vernacular)

first plural inclusive (vernacular); admitted name

first plural inclusive (vernacular); Source: Source: Coward, David F. & Grimes, Charles E. (2000). Making Dictionaries: A guide to lexicography and the Multi-Dictionary Formatter. Waxhaw, North Carolina: SIL International (1st ed. 1995). URL: http://www.sil.org/computing/shoebox/MDF_2000.pdf http://www.sil.org/computing/shoebox/MDF_Updates.html ; data element name

1i; Source: MDF; data element name

PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3674

Identifier: first_plural_inclusive_vernacular Type: complex/open Origin: Source: Coward, David F. & Grimes, Charles E. (2000). Making Dictionaries: A guide to lexicography and the Multi-Dictionary Formatter. Waxhaw, North Carolina: SIL International (1st ed. 1995). URL: http://www.sil.org/computing/shoebox/MDF_2000.pdf http://www.sil.org/computing/shoebox/MDF_Updates.html Profiles: Private, Morphosyntax, Lexicography, Language Codes

Data type: string

first singular (vernacular)

first singular (vernacular); admitted name

first singular (vernacular); Source: Source: Coward, David F. & Grimes, Charles E. (2000). Making Dictionaries: A guide to lexicography and the Multi-Dictionary Formatter. Waxhaw, North Carolina: SIL International (1st ed. 1995). URL: http://www.sil.org/computing/shoebox/MDF_2000.pdf http://www.sil.org/computing/shoebox/MDF_Updates.html ; data element name

1s; Source: MDF; data element name

PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3676

Identifier: first_singular_vernacular Type: complex/open Origin: Source: Coward, David F. & Grimes, Charles E. (2000). Making Dictionaries: A guide to lexicography and the Multi-Dictionary Formatter. Waxhaw, North Carolina: SIL International (1st ed. 1995). URL: http://www.sil.org/computing/shoebox/MDF_2000.pdf http://www.sil.org/computing/shoebox/MDF_Updates.html Profiles: Private, Morphosyntax, Lexicography, Language Codes

Data type: string

foreign text

foreign text; standardized name

PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1423

Identifier: foreignText Type: simple Origin: 212 Profiles: Morphosyntax, Terminology

Definition: Markup used to identify a word, phrase, or extended text as belonging to some language other than that of the surrounding text.
Source: ISO12620

Example: In the German text of DIN EN ISO 9000-1, some terms are retained in English: Vertragliche Anwendung von Beurteilungs- und Genehmigungs- oder Registrierungs-Systemen (second party)
Source: ISO16642

Language sections: English, French

foreign word

foreign word; standardized name

PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1886

Identifier: foreignWord Type: simple Origin: Profile: Morphosyntax

Definition: Word belonging to some language other than that of the surrounding text.
Source: Gil Francopoulo

Language sections: English, French

formula

formula; standardized name

PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1888

Identifier: formula Type: simple Origin: 325 Profiles: Morphosyntax, Terminology

Definition: Figures, symbols or the like used to express a concept briefly, such as a mathematical or chemical formula.
Source: ISO12620

Example: H2O is the chemical formula for water.
Source: Mitre

Language sections: English, French

frequency

frequency; standardized name

PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1965

Identifier: frequency Type: complex/closed Origin: 233 Profiles: Morphosyntax, Terminology

Definition: The relative commonness with which a term occurs.
Source: ISO12620
Note: Designation of a term with respect to frequency can be based on subjective criteria, or it can reflect computer analysis of text corpora, in which case it can also be expressed as a ratio of occurrences per a number of words in the text corpus.

Language sections: English, French

Data type: string

commonly used
commonly used; standardized name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1984
Identifier: commonlyUsed   Type: simple   Origin: 234   Profiles: Morphosyntax, Terminology
Definition: Said of a term that appears frequently.
Source: ISO12620
Example: medical history
Source: ISO12620
Language sections: English, French
infrequently used
infrequently used; standardized name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1985
Identifier: infrequentlyUsed   Type: simple   Origin: 235   Profiles: Morphosyntax, Terminology
Definition: Said of a term that does not appear frequently.
Source: ISO12620
Example: anamnesis
Source: ISO12620
Language sections: English, French
rarely used
rarely used; standardized name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1986
Identifier: rarelyUsed   Type: simple   Origin: 236   Profiles: Morphosyntax, Terminology
Definition: Said of a term that is almost never used.
Source: ISO12620
Language sections: English, French

geographical variant

geographical variant; standardized name

PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1851

Identifier: geographicalVariant Type: complex/open Origin: Profile: Morphosyntax

Definition: Description of a specific form used in a certain region as opposed to another form used in another region
Source:

Language sections: English, French

Data type: string

gloss (English)

gloss (English); admitted name

gloss (English); Source: Source: Coward, David F. & Grimes, Charles E. (2000). Making Dictionaries: A guide to lexicography and the Multi-Dictionary Formatter. Waxhaw, North Carolina: SIL International (1st ed. 1995). URL: http://www.sil.org/computing/shoebox/MDF_2000.pdf http://www.sil.org/computing/shoebox/MDF_Updates.html ; data element name

ge; Source: MDF; data element name

PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3707

Identifier: gloss_English Type: complex/open Origin: Source: Coward, David F. & Grimes, Charles E. (2000). Making Dictionaries: A guide to lexicography and the Multi-Dictionary Formatter. Waxhaw, North Carolina: SIL International (1st ed. 1995). URL: http://www.sil.org/computing/shoebox/MDF_2000.pdf http://www.sil.org/computing/shoebox/MDF_Updates.html Profiles: Private, Lexicography, Language Codes, Morphosyntax, Multilingual Information Management, Translation

Definition: Intended for interlinear morpheme-level glossing. Join multi-word glosses with (_), e.g. wild_boar; use (space semicolon space) for multiple glosses, e.g. hut ; house ; shack. Used for reversing the dictionary if an e field is not present (or is present but empty); also as an English definition in a formatted dictionary if there is no de field (or it is present but empty).
Source: Source: Coward, David F. & Grimes, Charles E. (2000). Making Dictionaries: A guide to lexicography and the Multi-Dictionary Formatter. Waxhaw, North Carolina: SIL International (1st ed. 1995). URL: http://www.sil.org/computing/shoebox/MDF_2000.pdf http://www.sil.org/computing/shoebox/MDF_Updates.html

Data type: string

grammatical gender

grammatical gender; standardized name

grammatical gender; Source: ISO 1262:1999 ; data element name

PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1297

Identifier: grammaticalGender Type: complex/closed Origin: Morphosyntax; ISO 12620:1999 Profiles: Morphosyntax, Terminology

Definition: Category based on (depending on languages) the natural distinction between sex and formal criteria.
Source: GP

Definition: the common value is used for the word combines feminine and masculine
Source: GP

Language sections: English, French

Linguistic sections: English, French, German, Italian

Data type: string

common gender
common gender; standardized name
common gender; Source: Morphosyntax set; data element name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1558
Identifier: commonGender   Type: simple   Origin: Morphosyntax set   Profile: Morphosyntax
Definition: Indistinguished gender for epicenes.
Source: Gil Francopoulo
Note: Not all languages have this tradition of having a common value for epicenes. It seems to be the case in Danish and Italian. It is not the case for French.
Language sections: English, French
feminine
feminine; standardized name
feminine; Source: ISO 12620:1999; data element name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1880
Identifier: feminine   Type: simple   Origin: 247; ISO 12620:1999   Profiles: Morphosyntax, Terminology
Definition: Of, relating to, or constituting the gender that ordinarily includes most words or grammatical forms referring to females.
Source: ISO12620
Note: In the languages where there is the notion of grammatical gender, the value /feminine/ is frequently attached to a word that has nothing to do with the natural gender. For instance, in French, "le tabouret" (masculine) vs "la chaise" (feminine) is purely idiomatic.
Example: fr: fille, mere
Source: Mitre; TEI(green text)
Language sections: English, French
masculine
masculine; standardized name
masculine; Source: ISO 12620:1999; data element name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1883
Identifier: masculine   Type: simple   Origin: 246; ISO 12620:1999; Source indicates synonymy with a DC defined for Terminology   Profiles: Morphosyntax, Terminology
Definition: Of, relating to, or constituting the gender that ordinarily includes most words or grammatical forms referring to males.
Source: ISO12620
Language sections: English, French
neuter
neuter; standardized name
neuter; Source: ISO 12620:1999; data element name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1884
Identifier: neuter   Type: simple   Origin: 248; ISO 12620:1999   Profiles: Morphosyntax, Terminology
Definition: Of, relating to, or constituting the gender that ordinarily includes most words or grammatical forms referring to objects that are not characterized as male or female.
Source: ISO12620
Example: de: das Brot, das Mädchen
Source: Mitre; TEI(green text)
Explanation: Although the noun Mädchen, a girl, ostensibly relates to a feminine entity, it is neuter based on the form of the word, since the diminutive ending "chen" reverts to neuter gender regardless of the concept to which the word refers.
Source: SEW
Language sections: English, French

grammatical number

grammatical number; standardized name

grammatical number; Source: ISO 12620:1999; data element name

PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1298

Identifier: grammaticalNumber Type: complex/closed Origin: ISO 12620:1999? Profiles: Morphosyntax, Terminology

Definition: Grammatical category for the variation in form of nouns, pronouns, and any words agreeing with them, depending on how many persons or things are referred to.
Source: www.wordreference.com/English/definition.asp?en=number 12

Language sections: English, French

Linguistic sections: English, French

Data type: string

collective
collective; standardized name
collective; Source: Morphosyntax; data element name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1254
Identifier: collective   Type: simple   Origin: ? Morphosyntax   Profile: Morphosyntax
Definition: A number referring to a set of things or people.
Source: en2.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collective_number
Example: Languages that have this feature can use it to get a phrase like "flock of sheep".
Source:
Language sections: English, French
dual
dual; standardized name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1879
Identifier: dual   Type: simple   Origin: 254; ISO 12620:1999   Profiles: Morphosyntax, Terminology
Definition: Form used in some languages to designate two persons or things.
Source: ISO12620
Language sections: English, French
paucal
paucal; standardized name
paucal; Source: Morphosyntax; data element name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1350
Identifier: paucal   Type: simple   Origin: ? Morphosyntax   Profile: Morphosyntax
Definition: Number that specifies 'a few' things.
Source: en2.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paucal_number
Language sections: English, French
plural
plural; standardized name
plural; Source: ISO 12620:1999; data element name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1354
Identifier: plural   Type: simple   Origin: ISO 12620:1999   Profiles: Morphosyntax, Terminology
Definition: Value that expresses more than one element.
Source: GP
Language sections: English, French
quadrial
quadrial; standardized name
quadrial; Source: Morphosyntax; data element name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2000
Identifier: quadrial   Type: simple   Origin: Morphysyntax   Profile: Morphosyntax
Definition: Property related to four elements.
Source: GP
Language sections: English, French
singular
singular; standardized name
singular; Source: ISO 12620:1999; data element name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1387
Identifier: singular   Type: simple   Origin: ISO 12620:1999?   Profiles: Morphosyntax, Terminology
Definition: Value that expresses one element.
Source: GP
Example: eat
Source: zeus.inalf.fr SINGULIER
Language sections: English, French
trial
trial; standardized name
trial; Source: Morphosyntax; data element name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1407
Identifier: trial   Type: simple   Origin: ? Morphosyntax   Profile: Morphosyntax
Definition: Grammatical number referring to 'three things', as opposed to 'singular' and 'plural'.
Source: en2.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trial_number
Note: For instance, for mwotlap. Trial does not exist in English.
Language sections: English, French

graphical operator

graphical operator; standardized name

PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1860

Identifier: graphicalOperator Type: complex/open Origin: Profile: Morphosyntax

Definition: Description of the modification of a written form
Source: Gil Francopoulo

Language sections: English, French

Data type: string

graphical separator

graphical separator; standardized name

PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1863

Identifier: graphicalSeparator Type: complex/open Origin: Profile: Morphosyntax

Definition: Character string that appears between two written forms
Source: Gil Francopoulo

Language sections: English, French

Data type: string

have

have; standardized name

PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1299

Identifier: have Type: simple Origin: ? Profile: Morphosyntax

Definition: The verb have as an auxiliary.
Source: www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAnAuxiliaryVerb.htm

Example: I have eaten
Source: www.atilf.inalf.fr Tlfi, NOMBRE

Language sections: English, French

homograph

homograph; standardized name

PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1300

Identifier: homograph Type: complex/open Origin: ? Profile: Morphosyntax

Definition: Word that is written like another, but that has a different pronunciation, meaning, and/or origin.
Source: adapted from ISO12620

Example: bow, the front part of a ship || bow, to bend || bow, a decorative knot
Source: www.atilf.fr AVOIR

Language sections: English, French

Data type: string

homonym

homonym; standardized name

PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1301

Identifier: homonym Type: complex/open Origin: ? Profile: Morphosyntax

Definition: Word that sounds the same and is written the same as another word but is different in meaning.
Source:

Example: two and too
Source: www.atilf.fr HOMOGRAPHE COYAUD, Introd. ét. lang. docum., 1966, p. 45

Language sections: English, French

Data type: string

homophone

homophone; standardized name

PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1302

Identifier: homophone Type: complex/open Origin: ? Profile: Morphosyntax

Definition: Word that sounds like another word, but is different in writiing or meaning.
Source:

Language sections: English, French

Data type: string

honorific

honorific; standardized name

PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2347

Identifier: honorific Type: complex/open Origin: Profile: Morphosyntax

Definition: special form of language used when talking about those in positions of social situation
Source:
Note: Examples are a superior at work or a customer.

Language sections: English, French

Data type: string

hyphen

hyphen; standardized name

PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2077

Identifier: hyphen Type: simple Origin: Profile: Morphosyntax

Is a: secondary punctuation

Definition: Punctuation that is graphically presented as "-".
Source:

Language sections: English, French

id; standardized name

identifier; admitted name

PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1845

Identifier: id Type: complex/open Origin: Profile: Morphosyntax

Definition: Identification of an element
Source:

Language sections: English, French

Data type: string

image

image; standardized name

PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2249

Identifier: image Type: simple Origin: Profile: Morphosyntax

Definition: graphical representation
Source:

Language sections: English, French

imperative aspect

imperative aspect; standardized name

imperative aspect; Source: ; data element name

PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3838

Identifier: imperativeAspect Type: simple Origin: Profiles: Private, Morphosyntax

Definition: aspect of an imperative verb form or clause
Source:

Language sections: English, French

impersonal passive voice

impersonal passive voice; standardized name

impersonal passive voice; Source: ; data element name

PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3849

Identifier: impersonalPassiveVoice Type: simple Origin: Profiles: Private, Morphosyntax

Definition: voice where the valency of an intransitive verb (which has a valency one) is decreased to zero
Source: WP

Example: es wird geschlaffen
Source: SEW

Language sections: English, French

impossible

impossible; standardized name

PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1866

Identifier: impossible Type: complex/open Origin: Profile: Morphosyntax

Definition: to denote something that cannot be considered as being correct in a given language
Source: Gil Francopoulo

Language sections: English, French

Data type: string

infix

infix; standardized name

PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1313

Identifier: infix Type: complex/open Origin: ? Profile: Morphosyntax

Definition: Affix inserted in the middle of a word to change its meaning or part of speech value.
Source: Sue Ellen Wright

Language sections: English, French

Linguistic sections: English

Data type: string

instrument noun

instrument noun; standardized name

instrument noun; Source: ; data element name

PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3856

Identifier: instrumentNoun Type: simple Origin: Profiles: Private, Morphosyntax

Definition: noun expressing an instrument of the action
Source:

Language sections: English, French

intensity

intensity; standardized name

PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2197

Identifier: intensity Type: complex/open Origin: Profile: Morphosyntax

Definition: Quality of being felt very strongly or having a strong effect
Source:

Language sections: English, French

Data type: string

intensive noun

intensive noun; standardized name

PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3859

Identifier: intensiveNoun Type: simple Origin: Profiles: Private, Morphosyntax

Definition: noun that emphasizes another noun
Source:

Language sections: English, French

interrogative punctuation

interrogative punctuation; standardized name

PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2087

Identifier: interrogativePunctuation Type: simple Origin: Profile: Morphosyntax

Is a: main punctuation

Definition: Punctuation used when the sentence is interrogative.
Source:

Language sections: English, French

inverted question mark

inverted question mark; standardized name

inverted interrogative point; admitted name

PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2088

Identifier: invertedQuestionMark Type: simple Origin: Profile: Morphosyntax

Is a: interrogative punctuation

Definition: Punctuation used in certain languages at the beginning of an interrogative sentence.
Source:

Language sections: English, French

key

key; preferred name

key; Source: NaLiDa; data element name

PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-4174

Identifier: key Type: complex/open Origin: Profiles: Lexicography, Language Resource Ontology, Syntax, Semantic Content Representation, Morphosyntax, Metadata, Private

Definition: constituent of a key-value pair, class of information provided by the pair
Source: NaLiDa

Note: Should only be used in a pair with an accompanying value. If possible, keys should be replaced by an appropriate data category with the value being the value of the data category.

Language sections: English, German

Data type: string

label

label; standardized name

PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1857

Identifier: label Type: complex/open Origin: Profile: Morphosyntax

Definition: Text attached to an element
Source: Gil Francopoulo

Language sections: English, French

Data type: string

language

language; standardized name

PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1969

Identifier: language Type: complex/open Origin: Profile: Morphosyntax

Definition: System of communication by written or spoken words which is used by the people of a particular country or area.
Source: Longman dictionay of contemporary English 2005

Language sections: English, French

Data type: string

language code

language code; standardized name

PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2008

Identifier: languageCoding Type: complex/open Origin: Profile: Morphosyntax

Definition: Designation of the standard used to code the name of the languages.
Source:
Note: For instance, ISO-639-3 in order to specify a language name with three letters.

Language sections: English, French

Data type: string

left environment

left environment; standardized name

PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2194

Identifier: leftEnvironment Type: complex/open Origin: Profile: Morphosyntax

Definition: Left side from a specific point
Source:

Language sections: English, French

Data type: string

lemma

lemma; standardized name

PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1324

Identifier: lemma Type: complex/open Origin: ? Profile: Morphosyntax

Definition: Base form a word or term that is used as the formal entry in a dictionary.
Source: ISO12620A-020803 Sue Ellen Wright + Francopoulo
Note: The lemma is the written form of the lemmatised Form. Note : For nouns, the base form is frequently the nominative singular form (in languages that show variation by case). For adjectives it is the positive form of the adjective, as opposed to the comparative, for instance. In some languages it is uninflected, whereas in others it is the masculine singular. For verbs it is generally the infinitive rather than an inflected form.

Example: A pronoun. For example, the lemma go consists of go together with goes, going, went, and gone.
Source: www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsLativeCase.htm

Language sections: English, French

Data type: string

letter

letter; standardized name

PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1889

Identifier: letter Type: simple Origin: Profile: Morphosyntax

Definition: Letter.
Source:

Language sections: English, French

lexeme

lexeme; standardized name

PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1325

Identifier: lexeme Type: complex/open Origin: ? Profile: Morphosyntax

Definition: Minimal unit of language which : has a semantic interpretation and embodies a distinct cultural concept.
Source: www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsALexeme.htm
Note: In LMF, a lexeme is not a Lexical Entry. A lexeme is a pair (Lexical Entry / Sense).

Language sections: English, French

Data type: string

lexical type

lexical type; standardized name

PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2175

Identifier: lexicalType Type: complex/open Origin: Profile: Morphosyntax

Definition: Type of an entry in a lexicon
Source:
Note: For instance, a word form in a lexicon may be sub-typed into inflection or composition

Language sections: English, French

Data type: string

location

location; standardized name

PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2237

Identifier: location Type: complex/open Origin: Profile: Morphosyntax

Definition: position of something
Source:

Language sections: English, French

Data type: string

logical and

logical and; standardized name

PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2190

Identifier: logicalAnd Type: complex/open Origin: Profile: Morphosyntax

Definition: Logical operation that results in a value of true if all of its operands are true, otherwise a value of false
Source:

Language sections: English, French

Data type: string

logical not

logical not; standardized name

PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2192

Identifier: logicalNot Type: complex/open Origin: Profile: Morphosyntax

Definition: Logical unary operation that returns true when its operand is false, otherwise returns true
Source:

Language sections: English, French

Data type: string

logical operator

logical operator; standardized name

PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2208

Identifier: logicalOperator Type: complex/open Origin: Profile: Morphosyntax

Definition: Type of action that gives a value of true or false
Source:

Language sections: English, French

Data type: string

logical or

logical or; standardized name

PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2191

Identifier: logicalOr Type: complex/open Origin: Profile: Morphosyntax

Definition: logical operation that results in a value of true if any of its operands is true, otherwise a value of false
Source:

Language sections: English, French

Data type: string

logical value

logical value; standardized name

PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2209

Identifier: logicalValue Type: complex/open Origin: Profile: Morphosyntax

Definition: Value used in a logical operation
Source:

Language sections: English, French

Data type: string

macron

macron; standardized name

PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1327

Identifier: macron Type: complex/open Origin: ? Profile: Morphosyntax

Definition: Mark placed over a long vowel to mark quantity.
Source: www.southwestern.edu/~carlg/Latin_Web/glossary.html

Language sections: English, French

Data type: string

main punctuation

main punctuation; standardized name

PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2075

Identifier: mainPunctuation Type: simple Origin: Profile: Morphosyntax

Is a: punctuation

Definition: Punctuation that is more important than a secondary punctuation with regards to sentence splitting in a text.
Source:

Language sections: English, French

manner noun

manner noun; standardized name

manner noun; Source: ; data element name

PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3854

Identifier: mannerNoun Type: simple Origin: Profiles: Private, Morphosyntax

Definition: noun expressing a manner
Source:

Language sections: English, French

masdar

masdar; standardized name

PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2224

Identifier: masdar Type: complex/open Origin: Profile: Morphosyntax

Definition: property that expresses a verbal idea under an abstract form.
Source: MIRACL & LSCA

Language sections: English, French

Data type: string

mediopassive voice

mediopassive voice; standardized name

mediopassive voice; Source: ; data element name

PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3850

Identifier: mediopassiveVoice Type: simple Origin: Profiles: Private, Morphosyntax

Definition: voice which subsumes both the middle voice and the passive voice
Source: WP

Language sections: English, French

modal particle

modal particle; standardized name

PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1920

Identifier: modalParticle Type: simple Origin: Profile: Morphosyntax

Is a: particle

Definition: Particle which functions as a modal.
Source:

Language sections: English, French

modification type

modification type; standardized name

PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1931

Identifier: modificationType Type: complex/closed Origin: Profile: Morphosyntax

Definition: Refers to the prenominal or postnominal positions of determiners which distinguish different forms.
Source:
Note: For instance in Romanian.

Language sections: English, French

Data type: string

indifferent
indifferent; standardized name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1944
Identifier: indifferent   Type: simple   Origin:    Profile: Morphosyntax
Definition: Markup to express that there is not any pertinence.
Source:
Language sections: English, French
post modifier
post modifier; standardized name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1945
Identifier: postModifier   Type: simple   Origin:    Profile: Morphosyntax
Definition: Situation where the modifier is after the modified.
Source:
Language sections: English, French
premodifier
premodifier; standardized name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1943
Identifier: preModifier   Type: simple   Origin:    Profile: Morphosyntax
Definition: Situation where the modifier is before the modified.
Source:
Language sections: English, French

morpheme

morpheme; standardized name

PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1330

Identifier: morpheme Type: complex/open Origin: ? Profile: Morphosyntax

Definition: A morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit in the grammar of a language.
Source: www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAMorpheme.htm

Example: unladylike
Source:

Language sections: English, French

Data type: string

morphological feature

morphological feature; standardized name

PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1425

Identifier: morphologicalFeature Type: complex/open Origin: Profile: Morphosyntax

Definition: Property attached to a given inflected form that usually permits to distinguish this form from the generic lemmatised form of the word.
Source:
Note: For instance, the inflected form "tables" has the morphological feature /grammatical number/ that is valued with /plural/ and so, permits to distinguish "tables" from "table".

Language sections: English, French

Data type: string

morphology (vernacular)

morphology (vernacular); admitted name

morphology (vernacular); Source: Coward, David F. & Grimes, Charles E. (2000). Making Dictionaries: A guide to lexicography and the Multi-Dictionary Formatter. Waxhaw, North Carolina: SIL International (1st ed. 1995). URL: http://www.sil.org/computing/shoebox/MDF_2000.pdf http://www.sil.org/computing/shoebox/MDF_Updates.html ; data element name

mr; Source: MDF; data element name

PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3738

Identifier: morphology_vernacular Type: complex/open Origin: Coward, David F. & Grimes, Charles E. (2000). Making Dictionaries: A guide to lexicography and the Multi-Dictionary Formatter. Waxhaw, North Carolina: SIL International (1st ed. 1995). URL: http://www.sil.org/computing/shoebox/MDF_2000.pdf http://www.sil.org/computing/shoebox/MDF_Updates.html Profiles: Private, Lexicography, Morphosyntax

Definition: Used to show the underlying morphemic structure for complex lexemes.
Source: Coward, David F. & Grimes, Charles E. (2000). Making Dictionaries: A guide to lexicography and the Multi-Dictionary Formatter. Waxhaw, North Carolina: SIL International (1st ed. 1995). URL: http://www.sil.org/computing/shoebox/MDF_2000.pdf http://www.sil.org/computing/shoebox/MDF_Updates.html

Data type: string

named entity

named entity; standardized name

PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2275

Identifier: namedEntity Type: complex/open Origin: Profile: Morphosyntax

Definition: segment of text for which one or many rigid designators stands for the referent
Source: Gil Francopoulo
Note: usually named entities are located and classified into predefined types such as names of person, organizations, locations, expressions of times etc.

Language sections: English, French

Data type: string

native

native; standardized name

PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1871

Identifier: native Type: complex/open Origin: Profile: Morphosyntax

Definition: Value that expresses the absence of transformation
Source: Gil Francopoulo

Language sections: English, French

Data type: string

negative

negative; standardized name

PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1839

Identifier: negative Type: complex/closed Origin: Profile: Morphosyntax

Definition: denotes the negation or the absence
Source:

Language sections: English, French

Data type: string

no
no; standardized name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1905
Identifier: no Type: simple Origin: Profile: Morphosyntax
Definition: Value for negation.
Source:
Language sections: English, French
yes
yes; standardized name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1904
Identifier: yes Type: simple Origin: Profile: Morphosyntax
Definition: Positive value
Source:
Language sections: English, French

non spaced pinyin

non spaced pinyin; standardized name

PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1853

Identifier: nonSpacedPinyin Type: complex/open Origin: Profile: Morphosyntax

Definition: Pinyin without any space characters
Source: Gil Francopoulo
Note: e.g. BEIYASHI

Language sections: English, French

Data type: string

non-animate dual (vernacular)

non-animate dual (vernacular); admitted name

non-animate dual (vernacular); Source: Source: Coward, David F. & Grimes, Charles E. (2000). Making Dictionaries: A guide to lexicography and the Multi-Dictionary Formatter. Waxhaw, North Carolina: SIL International (1st ed. 1995). URL: http://www.sil.org/computing/shoebox/MDF_2000.pdf http://www.sil.org/computing/shoebox/MDF_Updates.html ; data element name

4d; Source: MDF; data element name

PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3683

Identifier: non-animate_dual_vernacular Type: complex/open Origin: Source: Coward, David F. & Grimes, Charles E. (2000). Making Dictionaries: A guide to lexicography and the Multi-Dictionary Formatter. Waxhaw, North Carolina: SIL International (1st ed. 1995). URL: http://www.sil.org/computing/shoebox/MDF_2000.pdf http://www.sil.org/computing/shoebox/MDF_Updates.html Profiles: Private, Morphosyntax, Lexicography

Data type: string

non-animate plural (vernacular)

non-animate plural (vernacular); admitted name

non-animate plural (vernacular); Source: Source: Coward, David F. & Grimes, Charles E. (2000). Making Dictionaries: A guide to lexicography and the Multi-Dictionary Formatter. Waxhaw, North Carolina: SIL International (1st ed. 1995). URL: http://www.sil.org/computing/shoebox/MDF_2000.pdf http://www.sil.org/computing/shoebox/MDF_Updates.html ; data element name

4p; Source: MDF; data element name

PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3684

Identifier: non-animate_plural_venacular Type: complex/open Origin: Source: Coward, David F. & Grimes, Charles E. (2000). Making Dictionaries: A guide to lexicography and the Multi-Dictionary Formatter. Waxhaw, North Carolina: SIL International (1st ed. 1995). URL: http://www.sil.org/computing/shoebox/MDF_2000.pdf http://www.sil.org/computing/shoebox/MDF_Updates.html Profiles: Private, Morphosyntax, Lexicography

Data type: string

non-animate singular (vernacular)

non-animate singular (vernacular); admitted name

non-animate singular (vernacular); Source: Source: Coward, David F. & Grimes, Charles E. (2000). Making Dictionaries: A guide to lexicography and the Multi-Dictionary Formatter. Waxhaw, North Carolina: SIL International (1st ed. 1995). URL: http://www.sil.org/computing/shoebox/MDF_2000.pdf http://www.sil.org/computing/shoebox/MDF_Updates.html ; data element name

4s; Source: MDF; data element name

PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3685

Identifier: non-animate_singular_vernacular Type: complex/open Origin: Source: Coward, David F. & Grimes, Charles E. (2000). Making Dictionaries: A guide to lexicography and the Multi-Dictionary Formatter. Waxhaw, North Carolina: SIL International (1st ed. 1995). URL: http://www.sil.org/computing/shoebox/MDF_2000.pdf http://www.sil.org/computing/shoebox/MDF_Updates.html Profiles: Private, Morphosyntax, Lexicography

Data type: string

notes (grammar)

notes (grammar); admitted name

notes (grammar); Source: Coward, David F. & Grimes, Charles E. (2000). Making Dictionaries: A guide to lexicography and the Multi-Dictionary Formatter. Waxhaw, North Carolina: SIL International (1st ed. 1995). URL: http://www.sil.org/computing/shoebox/MDF_2000.pdf http://www.sil.org/computing/shoebox/MDF_Updates.html ; data element name

ng; Source: MDF; data element name

PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3727

Identifier: notes_grammar Type: complex/open Origin: Coward, David F. & Grimes, Charles E. (2000). Making Dictionaries: A guide to lexicography and the Multi-Dictionary Formatter. Waxhaw, North Carolina: SIL International (1st ed. 1995). URL: http://www.sil.org/computing/shoebox/MDF_2000.pdf http://www.sil.org/computing/shoebox/MDF_Updates.html Profiles: Private, Lexicography, Morphosyntax, Language Codes

Example: For any grammar note pertinent to the lexeme that you want separate from general notes. Capitalization and punctuation should be used as needed.
Source: Coward, David F. & Grimes, Charles E. (2000). Making Dictionaries: A guide to lexicography and the Multi-Dictionary Formatter. Waxhaw, North Carolina: SIL International (1st ed. 1995). URL: http://www.sil.org/computing/shoebox/MDF_2000.pdf http://www.sil.org/computing/shoebox/MDF_Updates.html

Data type: string

number noun

number noun; standardized name

number noun; Source: ; data element name

PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3852

Identifier: numberNoun Type: simple Origin: Profiles: Private, Morphosyntax

Definition: noun expressing a number
Source:

Language sections: English, French

numeral MForm

numeral MForm; standardized name

PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1939

Identifier: numeralMForm Type: simple Origin: Profile: Morphosyntax

Is a: numeral

Definition: Numeral MForm.
Source:

Language sections: English, French

numeral approximation

numeral approximation; standardized name

PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1940

Identifier: numeralApprox Type: simple Origin: Profile: Morphosyntax

Is a: numeral

Definition: Numeric approximation.
Source:

Language sections: English, French

numeral both

numeral both; standardized name

PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1938

Identifier: numeralBoth Type: simple Origin: Profile: Morphosyntax

Is a: numeral

Definition: Numeric value for two.
Source:

Language sections: English, French

numeral digit

numeral digit; standardized name

numeral written using digits; Source: Prague Dependency Treebank (http://ufal.mff.cuni.cz/pdt/Corpora/PDT_1.0/References/mman.html#pos-tags); data element name

PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1935

Identifier: numeralDigit Type: simple Origin: Prague Dependency Treebank, among others Profile: Morphosyntax

Is a: numeral

Definition: Numeral expressed by Arabic digits.
Source: GF

Example: "1", "2", "3", "4", "1992"
Source: CoNLL 2006 Czech treebank

Language sections: English, Czech, French

numeral letter

numeral letter; standardized name

PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1937

Identifier: numeralLetter Type: simple Origin: Profile: Morphosyntax

Is a: numeral

Definition: Numeral expressed with letters.
Source:

Language sections: English, French

numeral roman

numeral roman; standardized name

numeral written using roman numerals; Source: Prague Dependency Treebank (http://ufal.mff.cuni.cz/pdt/Corpora/PDT_1.0/References/mman.html#pos-tags); data element name

PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1936

Identifier: numeralRoman Type: simple Origin: Prague Dependency Treebank, among others Profile: Morphosyntax

Is a: numeral

Definition: Numeral expressed with roman digits.
Source:

Example: "I", "II", "III", "IV", "V", "VI", "VII", "VIII", "IX", "X"
Source: DZ

Language sections: English, Czech, French

numerical value

numerical value; standardized name

PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2211

Identifier: numValue Type: complex/open Origin: Profile: Morphosyntax

Definition: Numerical value to be interpreted in context.
Source:

Language sections: English, French

Data type: string

object person

object person; standardized name

PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2279

Identifier: objectPerson Type: complex/open Origin: Profile: Morphosyntax

Definition: person for the object of the verb
Source:

Language sections: English, French

Data type: string

once noun

once noun; standardized name

once noun; Source: ; data element name

PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3853

Identifier: onceNoun Type: simple Origin: Profiles: Private, Morphosyntax

Definition: noun conveying the meaning that the action is performed once
Source: Sfax

Example: in Arabic: Darba (a stroke)
Source: Karlheinz Moerth

Language sections: English, French

open bracket

open bracket; standardized name

PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2082

Identifier: openBracket Type: simple Origin: Profile: Morphosyntax

Is a: open punctuation

Definition: Punctuation that is represented graphically as [
Source:

Language sections: English, French

open curly bracket

open curly bracket; standardized name

PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2084

Identifier: openCurlyBracket Type: simple Origin: Profile: Morphosyntax

Is a: open punctuation

Definition: Punctuation that is graphically represented as {
Source:

Language sections: English, French

open punctuation

open punctuation; standardized name

PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2078

Identifier: openPunctuation Type: simple Origin: Profile: Morphosyntax

Is a: punctuation

Definition: Beginning of a paired punctuation.
Source:

Language sections: English, French

operation

operation; standardized name

PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2179

Identifier: operation Type: complex/open Origin: Profile: Morphosyntax

Definition: Way something such as a principle or law works or has an effect
Source:

Language sections: English, French

Data type: string

operator

operator; standardized name

PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2235

Identifier: operator Type: complex/open Origin: Profile: Morphosyntax

Definition: action name that can be applied to any number of operands
Source:

Language sections: English, French

Data type: string

order

order; standardized name

PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2356

Identifier: order Type: complex/open Origin: Profile: Morphosyntax

Definition: way things are arranged in relation to each other
Source:

Language sections: English, French

Data type: string

orthography name

orthography name; standardized name

PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2176

Identifier: orthographyName Type: complex/open Origin: Profile: Morphosyntax

Definition: Precision concerning the orthography
Source:
Note: For instance, an orthography name can be "arabic unpointed" or "arabic pointed"

Language sections: English, French

Data type: string

owned number

owned number; standardized name

PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1930

Identifier: ownedNumber Type: complex/closed Origin: Profile: Morphosyntax

Definition: Indication concerning the number of the possessed thing.
Source:

Language sections: English, French

Data type: string

owner gender
owner gender; standardized name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1416
Identifier: ownerGender   Type: complex/closed   Origin:    Profile: Morphosyntax
Definition: Indication concerning the gender of the person that ownes something.
Source:
Language sections: English, French
Linguistic sections: English
Data type: string
feminine
feminine; standardized name
feminine; Source: ISO 12620:1999; data element name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1880
Identifier: feminine   Type: simple   Origin: 247; ISO 12620:1999   Profiles: Morphosyntax, Terminology
Definition: Of, relating to, or constituting the gender that ordinarily includes most words or grammatical forms referring to females.
Source: ISO12620
Note: In the languages where there is the notion of grammatical gender, the value /feminine/ is frequently attached to a word that has nothing to do with the natural gender. For instance, in French, "le tabouret" (masculine) vs "la chaise" (feminine) is purely idiomatic.
Example: fr: fille, mere
Source: Mitre; TEI(green text)
Language sections: English, French
masculine
masculine; standardized name
masculine; Source: ISO 12620:1999; data element name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1883
Identifier: masculine   Type: simple   Origin: 246; ISO 12620:1999; Source indicates synonymy with a DC defined for Terminology   Profiles: Morphosyntax, Terminology
Definition: Of, relating to, or constituting the gender that ordinarily includes most words or grammatical forms referring to males.
Source: ISO12620
Language sections: English, French
neuter
neuter; standardized name
neuter; Source: ISO 12620:1999; data element name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1884
Identifier: neuter   Type: simple   Origin: 248; ISO 12620:1999   Profiles: Morphosyntax, Terminology
Definition: Of, relating to, or constituting the gender that ordinarily includes most words or grammatical forms referring to objects that are not characterized as male or female.
Source: ISO12620
Example: de: das Brot, das Mädchen
Source: Mitre; TEI(green text)
Explanation: Although the noun Mädchen, a girl, ostensibly relates to a feminine entity, it is neuter based on the form of the word, since the diminutive ending "chen" reverts to neuter gender regardless of the concept to which the word refers.
Source: SEW
Language sections: English, French
owner number
owner number; standardized name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1417
Identifier: ownerNumber   Type: complex/closed   Origin:    Profile: Morphosyntax
Definition: Indication concerning the number of the person that owns something.
Source: GF
Note: Useful for instance in French for pronouns, or in Hungarian for nouns.
Language sections: English, French
Linguistic sections: English, French
Data type: string
plural
plural; standardized name
plural; Source: ISO 12620:1999; data element name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1354
Identifier: plural   Type: simple   Origin: ISO 12620:1999   Profiles: Morphosyntax, Terminology
Definition: Value that expresses more than one element.
Source: GP
Language sections: English, French
singular
singular; standardized name
singular; Source: ISO 12620:1999; data element name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1387
Identifier: singular   Type: simple   Origin: ISO 12620:1999?   Profiles: Morphosyntax, Terminology
Definition: Value that expresses one element.
Source: GP
Example: eat
Source: zeus.inalf.fr SINGULIER
Language sections: English, French
owner person
owner person; standardized name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1929
Identifier: ownerPerson   Type: complex/closed   Origin:    Profile: Morphosyntax
Definition: Indication concerning the person that ownes something.
Source:
Language sections: English, French
Data type: string
first person
first person; standardized name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1288
Identifier: firstPerson   Type: simple   Origin: ?   Profile: Morphosyntax
Definition: First person deixis is deictic reference that refers to the speaker, or both the speaker and referents grouped with the speaker
Source: www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsFirstPersonDeixis.htm
Example: The following singular pronouns: - I - me - myself - my - mine The following plural pronouns: - we - us - ourselves - our - ours Am, the first person form of the verb be
Source: www.wordreference.com/English/definition.asp?en=finite ->4
Language sections: English, French
second person
second person; standardized name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1384
Identifier: secondPerson   Type: simple   Origin: ?   Profile: Morphosyntax
Definition: Second person deixis is deictic reference to a person or persons identified as addressee.
Source: www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsSecondPersonDeixis.htm
Example: Here are some examples of second person deixis: - you - yourself - yourselves - your - yours
Source: zeus.inalf.fr RACINE
Language sections: English, French
third person
third person; standardized name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1402
Identifier: thirdPerson   Type: simple   Origin: ?   Profile: Morphosyntax
Definition: Third person deixis is deictic reference to a referent(s) not identified as the speaker or addressee.
Source: www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsThirdPersonDeixis.htm
Example: Here are some examples of items that express third person deixis: - he - she - they the third person singular verb suffix -s He sometimes flies.
Source: www.cusd.claremont.edu/~tkroll/inflection.html#ter
Language sections: English, French
paradigm
paradigm; admitted name
paradigm; Source: Coward, David F. & Grimes, Charles E. (2000). Making Dictionaries: A guide to lexicography and the Multi-Dictionary Formatter. Waxhaw, North Carolina: SIL International (1st ed. 1995). URL: http://www.sil.org/computing/shoebox/MDF_2000.pdf http://www.sil.org/computing/shoebox/MDF_Updates.html ; data element name
pd; Source: MDF; data element name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3736
Identifier: paradigm   Type: complex/open   Origin: Coward, David F. & Grimes, Charles E. (2000). Making Dictionaries: A guide to lexicography and the Multi-Dictionary Formatter. Waxhaw, North Carolina: SIL International (1st ed. 1995). URL: http://www.sil.org/computing/shoebox/MDF_2000.pdf http://www.sil.org/computing/shoebox/MDF_Updates.html   Profiles: Private, Metadata, Morphosyntax, Lexicography
Definition: Used for specifying the noun or verb class, gender, or other paradigm set that the lexeme or headword is associated with. These classes are generally given labels or numbers to differentiate them. Use the Range Set feature for consistency.
Source: Coward, David F. & Grimes, Charles E. (2000). Making Dictionaries: A guide to lexicography and the Multi-Dictionary Formatter. Waxhaw, North Carolina: SIL International (1st ed. 1995). URL: http://www.sil.org/computing/shoebox/MDF_2000.pdf http://www.sil.org/computing/shoebox/MDF_Updates.html
Data type: string
paradigm form (vernacular)
paradigm form (vernacular); admitted name
paradigm form (vernacular); Source: Coward, David F. & Grimes, Charles E. (2000). Making Dictionaries: A guide to lexicography and the Multi-Dictionary Formatter. Waxhaw, North Carolina: SIL International (1st ed. 1995). URL: http://www.sil.org/computing/shoebox/MDF_2000.pdf http://www.sil.org/computing/shoebox/MDF_Updates.html ; data element name
pdv; Source: MDF; data element name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3744
Identifier: paradigm_form_vernacular   Type: complex/open   Origin: Coward, David F. & Grimes, Charles E. (2000). Making Dictionaries: A guide to lexicography and the Multi-Dictionary Formatter. Waxhaw, North Carolina: SIL International (1st ed. 1995). URL: http://www.sil.org/computing/shoebox/MDF_2000.pdf http://www.sil.org/computing/shoebox/MDF_Updates.html   Profiles: Private, Morphosyntax, Lexicography, Language Codes
Definition: Used to give the vernacular paradigm form specified by the label in the pdl field. Used mostly for irregular or incomplete paradigm sets.
Source: Coward, David F. & Grimes, Charles E. (2000). Making Dictionaries: A guide to lexicography and the Multi-Dictionary Formatter. Waxhaw, North Carolina: SIL International (1st ed. 1995). URL: http://www.sil.org/computing/shoebox/MDF_2000.pdf http://www.sil.org/computing/shoebox/MDF_Updates.html
Data type: string
paradigm form gloss (English)
paradigm form gloss (English); admitted name
paradigm form gloss (English); Source: Coward, David F. & Grimes, Charles E. (2000). Making Dictionaries: A guide to lexicography and the Multi-Dictionary Formatter. Waxhaw, North Carolina: SIL International (1st ed. 1995). URL: http://www.sil.org/computing/shoebox/MDF_2000.pdf http://www.sil.org/computing/shoebox/MDF_Updates.html ; data element name
pde; Source: MDF; data element name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3740
Identifier: paradigm_form_gloss_English   Type: complex/open   Origin: Coward, David F. & Grimes, Charles E. (2000). Making Dictionaries: A guide to lexicography and the Multi-Dictionary Formatter. Waxhaw, North Carolina: SIL International (1st ed. 1995). URL: http://www.sil.org/computing/shoebox/MDF_2000.pdf http://www.sil.org/computing/shoebox/MDF_Updates.html   Profiles: Private, Morphosyntax, Lexicography
Definition: Used for glossing the vernacular paradigm form in English.
Source: Coward, David F. & Grimes, Charles E. (2000). Making Dictionaries: A guide to lexicography and the Multi-Dictionary Formatter. Waxhaw, North Carolina: SIL International (1st ed. 1995). URL: http://www.sil.org/computing/shoebox/MDF_2000.pdf http://www.sil.org/computing/shoebox/MDF_Updates.html
Data type: string
paradigm form gloss (national)
paradigm form gloss (national); admitted name
paradigm form gloss (national); Source: Coward, David F. & Grimes, Charles E. (2000). Making Dictionaries: A guide to lexicography and the Multi-Dictionary Formatter. Waxhaw, North Carolina: SIL International (1st ed. 1995). URL: http://www.sil.org/computing/shoebox/MDF_2000.pdf http://www.sil.org/computing/shoebox/MDF_Updates.html ; data element name
pdn; Source: MDF; data element name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3742
Identifier: paradigm_form_gloss_national   Type: complex/open   Origin: Coward, David F. & Grimes, Charles E. (2000). Making Dictionaries: A guide to lexicography and the Multi-Dictionary Formatter. Waxhaw, North Carolina: SIL International (1st ed. 1995). URL: http://www.sil.org/computing/shoebox/MDF_2000.pdf http://www.sil.org/computing/shoebox/MDF_Updates.html   Profiles: Private, Morphosyntax, Lexicography
Definition: Used for glossing the vernacular paradigm form in the national language.
Source: Coward, David F. & Grimes, Charles E. (2000). Making Dictionaries: A guide to lexicography and the Multi-Dictionary Formatter. Waxhaw, North Carolina: SIL International (1st ed. 1995). URL: http://www.sil.org/computing/shoebox/MDF_2000.pdf http://www.sil.org/computing/shoebox/MDF_Updates.html
Data type: string
paradigm form gloss (regional)
paradigm form gloss (regional); admitted name
paradigm form gloss (regional); Source: Coward, David F. & Grimes, Charles E. (2000). Making Dictionaries: A guide to lexicography and the Multi-Dictionary Formatter. Waxhaw, North Carolina: SIL International (1st ed. 1995). URL: http://www.sil.org/computing/shoebox/MDF_2000.pdf http://www.sil.org/computing/shoebox/MDF_Updates.html ; data element name
pdr; Source: MDF; data element name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3743
Identifier: paradigm_form_gloss_regional   Type: complex/open   Origin: Coward, David F. & Grimes, Charles E. (2000). Making Dictionaries: A guide to lexicography and the Multi-Dictionary Formatter. Waxhaw, North Carolina: SIL International (1st ed. 1995). URL: http://www.sil.org/computing/shoebox/MDF_2000.pdf http://www.sil.org/computing/shoebox/MDF_Updates.html   Profiles: Private, Morphosyntax, Lexicography
Definition: Used for glossing the vernacular paradigm form in the regional language.
Source: Coward, David F. & Grimes, Charles E. (2000). Making Dictionaries: A guide to lexicography and the Multi-Dictionary Formatter. Waxhaw, North Carolina: SIL International (1st ed. 1995). URL: http://www.sil.org/computing/shoebox/MDF_2000.pdf http://www.sil.org/computing/shoebox/MDF_Updates.html
Data type: string
paradigm label (English)
paradigm label (English); admitted name
paradigm label (English); Source: Coward, David F. & Grimes, Charles E. (2000). Making Dictionaries: A guide to lexicography and the Multi-Dictionary Formatter. Waxhaw, North Carolina: SIL International (1st ed. 1995). URL: http://www.sil.org/computing/shoebox/MDF_2000.pdf http://www.sil.org/computing/shoebox/MDF_Updates.html ; data element name
pdl; Source: MDF; data element name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3741
Identifier: paradigm_label_English   Type: complex/open   Origin: Coward, David F. & Grimes, Charles E. (2000). Making Dictionaries: A guide to lexicography and the Multi-Dictionary Formatter. Waxhaw, North Carolina: SIL International (1st ed. 1995). URL: http://www.sil.org/computing/shoebox/MDF_2000.pdf http://www.sil.org/computing/shoebox/MDF_Updates.html   Profiles: Private, Morphosyntax, Lexicography, Metadata
Definition: Used to label the paradigm form given in the pdv field. This is useful for paradigm sets that are incomplete or irregular. Use a Range Set.
Source: Coward, David F. & Grimes, Charles E. (2000). Making Dictionaries: A guide to lexicography and the Multi-Dictionary Formatter. Waxhaw, North Carolina: SIL International (1st ed. 1995). URL: http://www.sil.org/computing/shoebox/MDF_2000.pdf http://www.sil.org/computing/shoebox/MDF_Updates.html
Data type: string
part of speech
part of speech; standardized name
part of speech; Source: GP, ISO 12620; data element name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1345
Identifier: partOfSpeech   Type: complex/closed   Origin: Common in lexicograpy, terminology, other domains   Profiles: Morphosyntax, Terminology
Definition: Term used to describe how a particular word is used in a sentence.
Source: www.southwestern.edu/~carlg/Latin_Web/glossary.html
Language sections: English, Czech, French
Data type: string
adjective
adjective; standardized name
adjective; Source: ISO 12620; morphosyntax; data element name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1230
Identifier: adjective   Type: simple   Origin: ISO 12620, morphosyntax group   Profiles: Morphosyntax, Terminology
Definition: Part of speech related to attributes of noun.
Source: GF, morphosyntax
Note: We speak of an adjective when one can ask the question: how is something?
Example: A big horse
Source: www.southwestern.edu/~carlg/Latin_Web/glossary.html
Language sections: English, French
ordinal adjective
ordinal adjective; standardized name
ordinal numeral; standardized name
ordinal numeral; Source: Prague Dependency Treebank (http://ufal.mff.cuni.cz/pdt/Corpora/PDT_1.0/References/mman.html#pos-tags); data element name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1338
Identifier: ordinalAdjective   Type: simple   Origin:    Profile: Morphosyntax
Is a: adjective
Definition: Adjective/numeral/number expressing a numeric ranking.
Source: GF
Example: en: "first", "second", "third", "fourth"
Source: DZ
Example: cs: "první" ("first"), "druhý" ("second"), "třetí" ("third"), "čtvrtý" ("fourth")
Source: DZ
Note: In some theories (e.g. standard Czech grammar) this is considered a subclass of numerals, not adjectives, although it follows adjectival inflection patterns (even in Czech) and behaves syntactically like adjectives.
Language sections: English, Czech, French
participle adjective
participle adjective; standardized name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1598
Identifier: participleAdjective   Type: simple   Origin:    Profile: Morphosyntax
Is a: adjective
Definition: Adjective based on a verb.
Source:
Language sections: English, French
past participle adjective
past participle adjective; standardized name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1596
Identifier: pastParticipleAdjective   Type: simple   Origin:    Profile: Morphosyntax
Is a: participle adjective
Definition: Adjective based on a past participle.
Source:
Language sections: English, French
present participle adjective
present participle adjective; standardized name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1597
Identifier: presentParticipleAdjective   Type: simple   Origin:    Profile: Morphosyntax
Is a: participle adjective
Definition: Adjective based on a present participle.
Source:
Language sections: English, French
possessive adjective
possessive adjective; preferred name
possessive adjective; Source: Prague Dependency Treebank; data element name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3017
Identifier: possessiveAdjective   Type: simple   Origin: Prague Dependency Treebank   Profiles: Private, Morphosyntax
Is a: adjective
Definition: An adjective derived from a noun and denoting possession by the object described by the noun.
Source: DZ
Example: cs: "otcův" ("father's"; derived from "otec" = "father"), "matčin" ("mother's"; derived from "matka" = "mother")
Source: DZ
Explanation: Note that the possessive adjective is not the same as the genitive case of a noun, although one of the functions of the genitive is to express possession, too: "otec" (nom. sg.) -> "otce" (gen. sg.), "otců" (gen. pl.) "matka" (nom. sg.) -> "matky" (gen. sg.), "matek" (gen. pl.)
Source: DZ
Explanation: Note that the possessive adjective is not the same as the possessive pronoun/determiner because there is no anaphoric aspect in the possessive adjective. The possessive adjective directly describes the possessor while the possessive pronoun/determiner just refers to the possessor. possessive pronoun: "můj" ("my"/"mine"), "tvůj" ("your"/"yours"), "jeho" ("his"/"its"), "její" ("her"/"hers") etc. possessive adjective: "otcův" ("father's"; derived from "otec" = "father"), "matčin" ("mother's"; derived from "matka" = "mother")
Source: DZ
Note: In Czech, derivation of possessive adjectives is fairly productive. They can in theory be derived from any masculine or feminine noun (not from neuter). However, in practice they are typically only derived from masculine animate nouns (human beings, fairy tale characters, animals etc.) and feminine non-animal animate nouns (human beings, fairy tale characters). For these possessors, the possessive adjective is the preferred way of expressing possession. The possessive adjective also always means that the possessor is in singular. For plural possessors, inanimate or neuter-gender possessors, the noun in the genitive case is used. The genitive can also be used for the cases where possessive adjectives are used but it is usually considered poor style.
Language sections: English, Czech
qualifier adjective
qualifier adjective; standardized name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1477
Identifier: qualifierAdjective   Type: simple   Origin:    Profile: Morphosyntax
Is a: adjective
Definition: Adjective used to qualify.
Source:
Note: This is the main class of adjective. For instance "nice".
Language sections: English, French
adposition
adposition; standardized name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1231
Identifier: adposition   Type: simple   Origin: ?   Profile: Morphosyntax
Definition: Part of speech that occurs before/inside/after a complement composed of a noun phrase, noun, pronoun or clause that functions as a noun phrase and form a single structure with the complement to express its grammatical and semantic relation to another unit.
Source: Eagles
Note: Is a cover term for preposition, circumposition and postposition.
Language sections: English, French
circumposition
circumposition; standardized name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1906
Identifier: circumposition   Type: simple   Origin:    Profile: Morphosyntax
Is a: adposition
Definition: Adposition which consists of two parts which are positioned ahead and after the adpositional foci.
Source: Academic grammar of new Persian 2005
Note: New Persian circumpositions are classified as simple and genitival circumpositions.
Language sections: English, French
postposition
postposition; standardized name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1360
Identifier: postposition   Type: simple   Origin: ?   Profile: Morphosyntax
Is a: adposition
Definition: Adposition that appears at the end of the noun phrase.
Source: Gil Francopoulo
Example: Japanese: doko ni where at, doko e where to
Source:
Example: Korean: Hanguk e to Korea
Source:
Example: Hungarian: kutya nélkl dog without
Source:
Language sections: English, French
preposition
preposition; standardized name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1366
Identifier: preposition   Type: simple   Origin: ?   Profile: Morphosyntax
Is a: adposition
Definition: Adposition placed at the beginning of a noun phrase.
Source:
Note: Usually, a preposition indicates position, direction, time or an abstract relation.
Example: into the woods
Source: www.atilf.fr AFFIXE
Language sections: English, French
compound preposition
compound preposition; standardized name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1934
Identifier: compoundPreposition   Type: simple   Origin:    Profile: Morphosyntax
Is a: preposition
Definition: Preposition that is a aggregation of words
Source:
Language sections: English, French
fused preposition
fused preposition; standardized name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1901
Identifier: fusedPreposition   Type: simple   Origin:    Profile: Morphosyntax
Is a: preposition
Definition: Preposition that is the result of a morphological merge from at least two words.
Source: gf
Language sections: English, French
fused preposition determiner
fused preposition determiner; standardized name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3010
Identifier: fusedPrepositionDeterminer   Type: simple   Origin:    Profile: Morphosyntax
Is a: fused preposition
Definition: word resulting from the aggregation of a proposition and a determiner
Source: MultextEast
Example: "du" => "de"+"le" in French, meaning "from the"
Source:
Language sections: English, French
simple preposition
simple preposition; standardized name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1900
Identifier: simplePreposition   Type: simple   Origin:    Profile: Morphosyntax
Is a: preposition
Definition: Preposition that is a pure simple word in contrast with the notion of fused preposition.
Source:
Language sections: English, French
adverb
adverb; standardized name
adverb; Source: ISO 12620;ISO 30042; morphosyntax; data element name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1232
Identifier: adverb   Type: simple   Origin: ISO 12620;ISO 30042; morphosyntax   Profiles: Morphosyntax, Terminology
Definition: Part of speech to refer to an heterogeneous group of words whose most frequent function is to specify the mode of action of the verb.
Source: Crystal 2003
Definition: Part of speech used to refer to a heterogeneous group of words whose most frequent function is to specify the mode of action of the verb.
Source: Based on Crystal 2003
Example: She threw the ball far, She threw the ball very far, An extremely big horse
Source: www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAnAdposition.htm
Language sections: English, French
general adverb
general adverb; standardized name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1435
Identifier: generalAdverb   Type: simple   Origin:    Profile: Morphosyntax
Is a: adverb
Definition: Adverb belonging to the general class of adverbs
Source:
Language sections: English, French
particle adverb
particle adverb; standardized name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1917
Identifier: particleAdverb   Type: simple   Origin:    Profile: Morphosyntax
Is a: adverb
Definition: Word that is both an adverb and a particle.
Source:
Language sections: English, French
bullet
bullet; standardized name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1438
Identifier: bullet   Type: simple   Origin:    Profile: Morphosyntax
Definition: Sign used to mark an item in a list.
Source:
Language sections: English, French
conjunction
conjunction; standardized name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1260
Identifier: conjunction   Type: simple   Origin: ?   Profile: Morphosyntax
Definition: Word that syntactically links words or constituents, and expresses a semantic relationship between them.
Source: www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAConjunction.htm
Note: A conjunction is positionally fixed relative to one or more of the elements related by it, thus distinguishing it from constituents such as English conjunctive adverbs.
Example: In English : Coordinating conjunctions : and, or, but Subordinating conjunctions : because , when, unless
Source:
Language sections: English, French
coordinating conjunction
coordinating conjunction; standardized name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1262
Identifier: coordinatingConjunction   Type: simple   Origin: ?   Profile: Morphosyntax
Is a: conjunction
Definition: Conjunction that links constituents.
Source: www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsACoordinatingConjunction.htm
Note: Usually the linked contituents are equal in rank and fulfill identical functions.
Language sections: English, French
subordinating conjunction
subordinating conjunction; standardized name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1393
Identifier: subordinatingConjunction   Type: simple   Origin: ?   Profile: Morphosyntax
Is a: conjunction
Definition: Conjunction that links constructions by making one of them a constituent of another. The subordinating conjunction typically marks the incorporated constituent.
Source: www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsASubordinatingConjunctio.htm
Example: Listen when I speak to you
Source: www.hungarotips.com/hungarian/i/fonev1.html
Language sections: English, French
determiner
determiner; standardized name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1272
Identifier: determiner   Type: simple   Origin: ?   Profile: Morphosyntax
Definition: Word or affix that belongs to a class of noun modifiers that expresses the reference, including quantity, of a noun.
Source: www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsADeterminer.htm
Note: some theories use to call a determiner an "attributive pronoun"
Example: All these houses
Source: www.atilf.fr DERIVATION GRAMM. 2.b
Language sections: English, French
article
article; standardized name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1892
Identifier: article   Type: simple   Origin: English, for instance   Profile: Morphosyntax
Is a: determiner
Definition: Term used in the grammatical classification of words referring to a subclass of determiners which displays a primary role in differentiating the uses of nouns.
Source: Crystal 2003
Language sections: English, Czech, French
definite article
definite article; standardized name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1430
Identifier: definiteArticle   Type: simple   Origin:    Profile: Morphosyntax
Is a: article
Definition: Article that allows the reference to a specific, identifiable entity (or class of entities).
Source: Crytal 2003
Note: It is usually contrasted with indefinite.
Language sections: English, French
indefinite article
indefinite article; standardized name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1308
Identifier: indefiniteArticle   Type: simple   Origin: ?   Profile: Morphosyntax
Is a: article
Definition: Article not capable of expressing identification.
Source: Gil Francopoulo
Language sections: English, French
partitive article
partitive article; standardized name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1898
Identifier: partitiveArticle   Type: simple   Origin:    Profile: Morphosyntax
Is a: article
Definition: Article expressing a part or quantity.
Source: Gil Francopoulo
Note: In English, for instance "some".
Language sections: English, French
demonstrative determiner
demonstrative determiner; standardized name
demonstrative adjective; admitted name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1269
Identifier: demonstrativeDeterminer   Type: simple   Origin: ?   Profile: Morphosyntax
Is a: determiner
Definition: Determiner used to point to an entity in the situation or elsewhere in a sentence.
Source: Crystal 2003
Language sections: English, French
exclamative determiner
exclamative determiner; standardized name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1284
Identifier: exclamativeDeterminer   Type: simple   Origin: ?   Profile: Morphosyntax
Is a: determiner
Definition: Determiner expressing an emotional utterance and marked with a strong intonation.
Source: Crystal 2003
Language sections: English, French
indefinite determiner
indefinite determiner; standardized name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1307
Identifier: indefiniteDeterminer   Type: simple   Origin: ?   Profile: Morphosyntax
Is a: determiner
Definition: Determiner not capable of identification.
Source: Gil Francopoulo
Language sections: English, French
interrogative determiner
interrogative determiner; standardized name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1320
Identifier: interrogativeDeterminer   Type: simple   Origin: ?   Profile: Morphosyntax
Is a: determiner
Definition: Determiner used to express a question.
Source:
Language sections: English, French
possessive determiner
possessive determiner; standardized name
possessive adjective; admitted name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1357
Identifier: possessiveDeterminer   Type: simple   Origin: ?   Profile: Morphosyntax
Is a: determiner
Definition: Determiner that expresses ownership.
Source:
Language sections: English, French
reflexive adjective
reflexive adjective; standardized name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1377
Identifier: reflexiveDeterminer   Type: simple   Origin: ?   Profile: Morphosyntax
Is a: determiner
Definition: Determiner that refers to the same entity.
Source:
Example: The groundhog saw his own shadow
Source: www.southwestern.edu/~carlg/Latin_Web/glossary.html
Language sections: English, French
relative determiner
relative determiner; standardized name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1379
Identifier: relativeDeterminer   Type: simple   Origin: ?   Profile: Morphosyntax
Is a: determiner
Definition: Determiner related to a referent.
Source:
Language sections: English, French
echo word
echo word; preferred name
ECH; Source: Hyderabad Dependency Treebank; data element name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-4210
Identifier: echo   Type: simple   Origin: Hyderabad Dependency Treebank   Profiles: Morphosyntax, Private
Definition: The word rhymes with a previous word but it is not identical to it and typically id does not have any meaning of its own. In Hindi it generalizes the meaning of the previous word and eventually translates as "or something", "etc." etc.
Source: Rupert Snell and Simon Weightman: Teach Yourself Hindi, Section 16.4 and 16.5, pages 210 – 211.
Example: hi: "चाय वाय" = "čāya vāya" = "tea or something" (as in "Have some tea or something."
Source: Rupert Snell and Simon Weightman: Teach Yourself Hindi, Section 16.4 and 16.5, pages 210 – 211.
fused preposition pronoun
fused preposition pronoun; standardized name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3009
Identifier: fusedPrepositionPronoun   Type: simple   Origin:    Profile: Morphosyntax
Definition: word resulting from the aggregation of a preposition and a pronoun
Source: MultextEast
Example: "proň" => "pro"+"něj", in Czech, meaning "for"+"him"
Source:
Language sections: English, French
interjection
interjection; standardized name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1318
Identifier: interjection   Type: simple   Origin: ?   Profile: Morphosyntax
Definition: Word or sound that expresses an emotion.
Source: www.southwestern.edu/~carlg/Latin_Web/glossary.html
Note: An interjection usually lacks grammatical connection.
Example: D'hoo !!!
Source: zeus.inalf.fr INTENSIF
Language sections: English, French
noun
noun; standardized name
noun; Source: Morphosyntax; ISO 12620; data element name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1333
Identifier: noun   Type: simple   Origin: Morphosyntax; ISO 12620; ISO 30042   Profiles: Morphosyntax, Terminology
Definition: Part of speech assigned to words that designate a person, place, action, property or thing etc. that may have morphosyntactic properties like number or case and syntactic combination like modification by an adjective or determination by a determiner
Source: adapted from ISO 12620 with Jan Odijk's comments
Note: It is very difficult to characterize nouns semantically. Let's add that specific derivation and compounding properties may be used to distinguish nouns from other POS like prepositions and determiners.
Example: table, present, idea, Napoleon, Spiderman
Source:
Language sections: English, French
common noun
common noun; standardized name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1256
Identifier: commonNoun   Type: simple   Origin: ?   Profile: Morphosyntax
Is a: noun
Definition: Noun that signifies a non-specific member of a group.
Source: www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsACommonNoun.htm
Example: Planet, orange, and drum
Source: http://www.wordreference.com/English/definition.asp?en=common+noun
Language sections: English, French
diminutive noun
diminutive noun; standardized name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2225
Identifier: diminutiveNoun   Type: simple   Origin:    Profile: Morphosyntax
Is a: noun
Definition: diminutive noun
Source: MIRACL LSCA
Language sections: English, French
proper noun
proper noun; standardized name
proper noun; Source: GF; data element name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1371
Identifier: properNoun   Type: simple   Origin: Morphosyntax   Profile: Morphosyntax
Is a: noun
Definition: Noun that is the name of a specific individual, place, or object.
Source: www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAProperNoun.htm
Example: New York City
Source: ELM-FR:EAGLES Specifications for French
Language sections: English, French
numeral
numeral; standardized name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1334
Identifier: numeral   Type: simple   Origin: Prague Dependency Treebank, among others   Profile: Morphosyntax
Definition: Part of speech that expresses a number or the relation to a number.
Source: GF
Language sections: English, Czech, French
cardinal numeral
cardinal numeral; standardized name
cardinal numeral; Source: Prague Dependency Treebank (http://ufal.mff.cuni.cz/pdt/Corpora/PDT_1.0/References/mman.html#pos-tags); data element name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3027
Identifier: cardinalNumeral   Type: simple   Origin: Prague Dependency Treebank, among others   Profiles: Private, Morphosyntax
Is a: numeral
Definition: A word denoting a number.
Source: DZ
Example: en: "one", "two", "three", "eleven", "twenty-two", "hundred", "thousand"
Source: DZ
Explanation: Cardinal numerals, as a subclass of numerals, contrast with ordinal numerals, multiplicative numerals, generic numerals etc. However, some theories prefer to classify the non-cardinals as adjectives, adverbs etc. rather than numerals.
Source: DZ
Language sections: English, Czech
generic numeral
generic numeral; admitted name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3022
Identifier: genericNumeral   Type: simple   Origin: Prague Dependency Treebank   Profiles: Private, Morphosyntax
Is a: numeral
Definition: A numeral used to indicate the number of sets/kinds of objects.
Source: DZ
Example: cs: "jedny", "dvoje", "dvojí", "čtvery", "čtvero"
Source: DZ
Explanation: cs: "jedny" is morphologically plural of "jeden" / "jedna" / "jedno" = "one". While the normal cardinal numeral (singular form) means that there was one object, the generic numeral (plural form) means there was one set/sort of such objects. Example: "jedna ponožka" = "one sock" vs. "jedny ponožky" = "one pair of socks". For numerical values higher than 1, the grammatical number is inherently plural but the form of the generic numeral diverges from the cardinal numeral. Example: "dvě ponožky" = "two socks" vs. "dvoje ponožky" = "two pairs of socks"; "čtyři ponožky" = "four socks" vs. "čtvery ponožky" = "four pairs of socks"; "troje dokumenty" = "three sets of documents". Generic numerals must be used with pluralia tantum instead of cardinal numerals. For instance, "dveře" = "door" is in Czech plurale tantum, therefore we must say "dvoje dveře", not "dvě dveře". Another type of generic numerals is exemplified in "sedmero krkavců" = "seven ravens". This type is a bit archaic and can be used in place of a normal cardinal number. Its behavior is closer to a noun with the "n-tuple" sense (although "seven-tuple" would be translated more directly as "sedmice", which is really considered a noun, not a numeral). Another type of generic numeral is exemplified in "dvojí" = "twofold".
Source: DZ
Language sections: English, Czech
indefinite cardinal numeral
indefinite cardinal numeral; preferred name
indefinite numeral; admitted name
indefinite numeral; Source: Prague Dependency Treebank (http://ufal.mff.cuni.cz/pdt/Corpora/PDT_1.0/References/mman.html#pos-tags); data element name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3023
Identifier: indefiniteCardinalNumeral   Type: simple   Origin: Prague Dependency Treebank   Profiles: Private, Morphosyntax
Is a: numeral
Definition: A word used to express imprecise quantity.
Source: DZ
Example: cs: "několik" ("some"), "mnoho" ("many/much"), "málo" ("few"/"little"), "kdovíkolik" ("who knows how many")
Source: Prague Dependency Treebank (http://ufal.mff.cuni.cz/pdt/Corpora/PDT_1.0/References/mman.html#pos-tags)
Explanation: Some Czech indefinite numerals are derived from interrogative numerals in the same way as indefinite pronouns are derived from interrogative ones: pronoun "kdo" ("who") -> "někdo" ("someone"); numeral "kolik" ("how many") -> "několik" ("some").
Source: DZ
Language sections: English, Czech
indefinite multiplicative numeral
indefinite multiplicative numeral; standardized name
indefinite multiplicative numeral; Source: Prague Dependency Treebank (http://ufal.mff.cuni.cz/pdt/Corpora/PDT_1.0/References/mman.html#pos-tags); data element name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3024
Identifier: indefiniteMultiplicativeNumeral   Type: simple   Origin: Prague Dependency Treebank   Profiles: Private, Morphosyntax
Is a: numeral
Definition: A word indicating imprecise number of times something happened.
Source: DZ
Example: cs: "několikrát" ("a few times"), "mnohokrát" ("many times"), "vícekrát" ("more times")
Source: CoNLL 2006 Czech treebank
Explanation: Multiplicative numerals, including indefinites, behave syntactically as adverbs.
Source: DZ
Language sections: English, Czech
indefinite ordinal numeral
indefinite ordinal numeral; standardized name
indefinite numeral with adjectival declension; Source: Prague Dependency Treebank (http://ufal.mff.cuni.cz/pdt/Corpora/PDT_1.0/References/mman.html#pos-tags); data element name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3025
Identifier: indefiniteOrdinalNumeral   Type: simple   Origin: Prague Dependency Treebank   Profiles: Private, Morphosyntax
Is a: numeral
Definition: A word used to indicate imprecise rank of an object in a sequence.
Source: DZ
Example: cs: "několikátý" ("umpteenth"): "Už je to několikátý případ." = lit. "Already is it umpteenth case." = "There have been more cases already."
Source: Lingea Lexicon 5 en-cs
Explanation: Ordinal numerals typically follow adjectival declension patterns and also their syntactic behavior is adjectival, hence in some theories they may be classified as adjectives or determiners.
Source: DZ
Note: In Prague Dependency Treebank 1.0, indefinite ordinal numerals are grouped together with other adjectival indefinite numerals, such as "nejeden" ("more than one"), which is indefinite cardinal numeral.
Language sections: English, Czech
interrogative cardinal numeral
interrogative cardinal numeral; admitted name
numeral "kolik"; Source: Prague Dependency Treebank (http://ufal.mff.cuni.cz/pdt/Corpora/PDT_1.0/References/mman.html#pos-tags); data element name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3018
Identifier: interrogativeCardinalNumeral   Type: simple   Origin: Prague Dependency Treebank   Profiles: Private, Morphosyntax
Is a: numeral
Definition: An interrogative/relative word used to ask about quantity.
Source: DZ
Example: cs: "kolik" ("how many") Interrogative usage: "Kolik stojí kilo jablek?" = lit. "How-many costs kilo apples-gen?" = "How much does a kilo of apples cost?" Relative usage: "Nevím, kolik jablek sním." = lit. "I-do-not-know, how-many apples-gen I-will-eat." = "I don't know how many apples I'll eat."
Source: DZ
Language sections: English, Czech
interrogative multiplicative numeral
interrogative multiplicative numeral; admitted name
interrogative numeral "kolikrát"; Source: Prague Dependency Treebank (http://ufal.mff.cuni.cz/pdt/Corpora/PDT_1.0/References/mman.html#pos-tags); data element name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3021
Identifier: interrogativeMultiplicativeNumeral   Type: simple   Origin: Prague Dependency Treebank   Profiles: Private, Morphosyntax
Is a: numeral
Definition: An interrogative/relative word used to ask about the number of times something happened.
Source: DZ
Example: cs: "kolikrát" ("how many times") Interrogative usage: "Kolikrát to musím opakovat?" = "How many times must I repeat it?" Relative usage: "Kolikrát se pokoušel, tolikrát selhal." = lit. "How-many-times himself he-tried, that-many-times he-failed." = "Each time he tried he failed."
Source: Lingea Lexicon 5 (en-cs)
Language sections: English, Czech
interrogative ordinal numeral
interrogative ordinal numeral; admitted name
interrogative numeral "kolikátý"; Source: Prague Dependency Treebank (http://ufal.mff.cuni.cz/pdt/Corpora/PDT_1.0/References/mman.html#pos-tags); data element name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3019
Identifier: interrogativeOrdinalNumeral   Type: simple   Origin: Prague Dependency Treebank   Profiles: Private, Morphosyntax
Is a: numeral
Definition: An interrogative/relative word used to ask about numeric ranking.
Source: DZ
Example: cs: "kolikátý" ("which", "of what rank") Interrogative usage: "Kolikátý den v týdnu je pondělí? První." = lit. "Which day in week is Monday? First." = "Which day of the week is Monday? The first one." Relative usage: "To číslo udává, na kolikátém kilometru dálnice se sjezd nachází." = lit. "The number indicates, on which kilometer of-freeway itself exit finds." = "The number indicates on which kilometer of the freeway is the exit."
Source: DZ
Language sections: English, Czech
multiplicative numeral
multiplicative numeral; admitted name
multiplicative definite numeral; Source: Prague Dependency Treebank (http://ufal.mff.cuni.cz/pdt/Corpora/PDT_1.0/References/mman.html#pos-tags); data element name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3020
Identifier: multiplicativeNumeral   Type: simple   Origin: Prague Dependency Treebank   Profiles: Private, Morphosyntax
Is a: numeral
Definition: A word that expresses the number of times something happened.
Source: DZ
Example: cs: "dvakrát" ("twice"), "pětkrát" ("five times"), "třistapětadevadesátkrát" ("three hundred ninety-five times")
Source: DZ
Explanation: Multiplicative numerals behave syntactically like adverbs. They modify verbs ("Řádný muslim se modlí pětkrát denně." = "A good Moslem prays five times a day.") or adjectives ("Byl třikrát ženatý." = lit. "He-was three-times married.")
Source: DZ
Note: The CoNLL 2006 Czech treebank, derived from the PDT 1.0, includes here also numerals "poprvé" ("for the first time") and "podruhé" ("the second time"). These numerals are semantically different from multiplicative numerals, although they share their adverbial syntactic behavior. They would be better described as adverbial ordinal numerals.
Language sections: English, Czech
numeral fraction
numeral fraction; admitted name
numeral fraction; Source: Prague Dependency Treebank (http://ufal.mff.cuni.cz/pdt/Corpora/PDT_1.0/References/mman.html#pos-tags); data element name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3026
Identifier: numeralFraction   Type: simple   Origin: Prague Dependency Treebank   Profiles: Private, Morphosyntax
Is a: numeral
Definition: Word used to denote the denominator of a fraction.
Source: DZ
Example: cs: "třetina" ("one third"), "čtvrtina" ("quarter"), "desetina" ("one tenth"), "sedmdesátina" ("one seventieth"), "setina" ("one hundredth"), "milióntina" ("one millionth")
Source: CoNLL 2006 Czech treebank
Explanation: Czech fractions behave morphologically as feminine nouns.
Source: DZ
Note: Note that cs:"sedmdesátiny" (plural of "sedmdesátina") is often interpreted as "the seventieth birthday" instead of plural of "one seventieth". The same applies to other numbers of important birthdays.
Language sections: English, Czech
particle
particle; standardized name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1342
Identifier: particle   Type: simple   Origin: ?   Profile: Morphosyntax
Definition: Word that does not belong to one of the main classes of words, is invariable in form, and typically has grammatical or pragmatic meaning.
Source: www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAParticle.htm
Example: up (in set up)
Source: MAR. Lex. 1951
Language sections: English, French
affirmative particule
affirmative particule; standardized name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1918
Identifier: affirmativeParticle   Type: simple   Origin:    Profile: Morphosyntax
Is a: particle
Definition: Particle used to express affirmation.
Source:
Language sections: English, French
comparative particle
comparative particle; standardized name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1922
Identifier: comparativeParticle   Type: simple   Origin:    Profile: Morphosyntax
Is a: particle
Definition: Particle used to compare.
Source:
Language sections: English, French
conditional particule
conditional particule; standardized name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2230
Identifier: conditionalParticle   Type: simple   Origin:    Profile: Morphosyntax
Is a: particle
Definition: conditional particule
Source: MIRACL & LSCA
Language sections: English, French
coordination particle
coordination particle; standardized name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2227
Identifier: coordinationParticle   Type: simple   Origin:    Profile: Morphosyntax
Is a: particle
Definition: particle for coordination
Source: MIRACL & LSCA
Language sections: English, French
distinctive particle
distinctive particle; standardized name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2228
Identifier: distinctiveParticle   Type: simple   Origin:    Profile: Morphosyntax
Is a: particle
Definition: distinctive particle
Source: MIRACL & LSCA
Language sections: English, French
future particle
future particle; standardized name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1919
Identifier: futureParticle   Type: simple   Origin:    Profile: Morphosyntax
Is a: particle
Definition: Particle used in order to express future.
Source:
Language sections: English, French
infinitive particle
infinitive particle; standardized name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1896
Identifier: infinitiveParticle   Type: simple   Origin:    Profile: Morphosyntax
Is a: particle
Definition: Particle used to express infinitive.
Source:
Note: In English, this particle is "to" like in "to go".
Language sections: English, French
interrogative particle
interrogative particle; standardized name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1921
Identifier: interrogativeParticle   Type: simple   Origin:    Profile: Morphosyntax
Is a: particle
Definition: Particle used to express a question.
Source:
Language sections: English, French
negative particle
negative particle; standardized name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1894
Identifier: negativeParticle   Type: simple   Origin:    Profile: Morphosyntax
Is a: particle
Definition: Particle used to express negation.
Source: Gil Francopoulo
Language sections: English, French
possessive particle
possessive particle; standardized name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1895
Identifier: possessiveParticle   Type: simple   Origin:    Profile: Morphosyntax
Is a: particle
Definition: Particle expressing ownship.
Source:
Note: For instance, in English, the "'s" of the saxon genitive.
Language sections: English, French
relative particle
relative particle; standardized name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2229
Identifier: relativeParticle   Type: simple   Origin:    Profile: Morphosyntax
Is a: particle
Definition: relative particle
Source: MIRACL & LSCA
Language sections: English, French
superlative particle
superlative particle; standardized name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1923
Identifier: superlativeParticle   Type: simple   Origin:    Profile: Morphosyntax
Is a: particle
Definition: Particle expressing superlative degree. Superlative is the comparison between more than two entities and contrasts with comparative where only two entities are involved and positive where no comparison is implied.
Source: Crystal 2003
Language sections: English, French
unclassified particle
unclassified particle; standardized name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1897
Identifier: unclassifiedParticle   Type: simple   Origin:    Profile: Morphosyntax
Is a: particle
Definition: Particle that is not covered by other sorts of particle definitions.
Source:
Language sections: English, French
prepositional adverb
prepositional adverb; standardized name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3000
Identifier: prepositionalAdverb   Type: simple   Origin:    Profiles: Private, Morphosyntax
Definition: adverb which is very similar in its form to a preposition
Source: Gil Francopoulo
Example: "to" in "I can do this if you want me to".
Source:
Language sections: English, French
pronominal adverb
pronominal adverb; standardized name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2998
Identifier: pronominalAdverb   Type: simple   Origin:    Profiles: Private, Morphosyntax
Definition: adverb formed in replacement of a preposition and a pronoun
Source:
Example: "for that" => "therefore "
Source:
Language sections: English, French
pronoun
pronoun; standardized name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1370
Identifier: pronoun   Type: simple   Origin: ?   Profile: Morphosyntax
Definition: Word used in place of a noun or a noun phrase.
Source:
Note: In a lot of languages, a pronoun agrees with its antecedent in number, gender or/and case. Some theories use to call a pronoun a "substituting pronoun" to distinguish this term from "attributive pronoun"
Example: She
Source: www.atilf.fr PRONOMINAL B.
Language sections: English, French
adverbial pronoun
adverbial pronoun; standardized name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3011
Identifier: adverbialPronoun   Type: simple   Origin:    Profile: Morphosyntax
Is a: pronoun
Example: "il y va" in French where "y" stands for a location introduced by a preposition like "à" or "chez"
Source:
Language sections: English, French
affixed personal pronoun
affixed personal pronoun; standardized name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2221
Identifier: affixedPersonalPronoun   Type: simple   Origin:    Profile: Morphosyntax
Is a: pronoun
Definition: Personnal pronoun that is affixed, i.e. added as an affix to another word.
Source: MIRACL & LSCA
Example: pl: "-ń" in "Czekam nań." = lit. "I-am-waiting for-him."
Source: Adam Przepiórkowski
Explanation: In Polish, there are 4 different forms of the 3rd person sg acc/gen personal pronoun: jego (possibly stressed, not after a preposition) go (never stressed, not after a preposition) niego (possibly stressed, only after a preposition) -ń (obviously never stressed, only after a preposition) So, for example, "I am waiting for him" could be in Polish: Czekam na niego. or: Czekam nań.
Source: Adam Przepiórkowski
Note: Whether pronoun affixes are tagged separately depends on tokenization scheme. If the inner boundary of e.g. the Polish "na|ń" is not recognized, the full word can be classified as "fused preposition pronoun".
Language sections: English, French
allusive pronoun
allusive pronoun; standardized name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2223
Identifier: allusivePronoun   Type: simple   Origin: Unité de recherche LSCA SFAX / Tunisie   Profile: Morphosyntax
Is a: pronoun
Definition: Pronoun that refers to something characterized by allusions.
Source: MIRACL & LSCA
Note: For example for Arabic.
Example: ar: "كَمْ" ("kam") = "how much", "كَيْتَ" ("kyt") = "in such a way"
Source: http://tagmatica.fr/publications/Aida_TALN2007_Final.pdf
Explanation: It is an invariable noun expressing a specific intention by means of unclear term.
Source: Aïda Khemakhem
Explanation: Allusive pronoun : it is an invariable pronoun expressing a specific intention by means of unclear term: كَمْ , كَأَيٍّ, كَذَا, كَيْتَ وَ ذَيْتَ, بِضْعُ وَفُلَان For « كَمْ » (kam), it has two different uses - It may be a interrogative pronoun: interrogative kam alludes to a number ignored by the questioner waiting for its designation : “ ? كَمْ طَالِبٍ جَاءَ » how many students have come ? - It may be a allusive pronoun: predicative kam alludes to an important number in order to inform about it, not to designate it: “! كَمْ طَالِبٍ جَاءَ » how many students have come! « ! كَمْ أُنَاسٍ » how many people !
Source: Aïda Khemakhem
Explanation: Here are some examples from two well known Arabic-English dictionaries. Unfortunately, I do not have an Arabic keyboard installed so I have to use transcriptions >From Hans Wehr - kam nahaituhu - how often I forbade him >From the Georgetown University Iraqi Arabic-English Dictionary - baas Saar `amra `ashr isniin, gam (= kam) yriid paysikil - He just turned ten, and here [how] he wants a bicycle gam (= kam) yurguS imnil-faraH [how] he jumped for joy
Source: Monte
Language sections: English, Arabic, French
collective pronoun
collective pronoun; preferred name
definite pronoun; admitted name
collective pronoun; Source: BulTreeBank; data element name
general pronoun; Source: Multext East V4; data element name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3006
Identifier: collectivePronoun   Type: simple   Origin: BulTreeBank   Profiles: Private, Morphosyntax
Is a: pronoun
Definition: A pronoun that refers to all elements of a set.
Source: DZ
Example: en: "everybody", "everyone", "everything", "every", "each", "all"
Source: DZ
Example: lv: "katrs" (every), "abi" (both), "visi" (everybody)
Source: Gunta Nešpore
Example: bg: "всеки" (vseki) = "everyone", "всякой" (vsjakoj) = "every", "всякакъв" (vsjakakăv) = "whatever", "всякъде" (vsjakăde) = "everywhere", "всякога" (vsjakoga) = "always", "всякак" (vsjakak) = "in every possible way", "всичкото" (vsičkoto) = "all"
Source: BulTreeBank
Example: sl: "vsak" = "everybody"
Source: Tomaž Erjavec, example of "general pronoun" from Multext East
Explanation: Collective pronouns contrast to free-selection indefinite pronouns such as "anybody", "anything" that refer to only one element, although freely selected from the whole set.
Source: DZ
Note: Some theories include collective pronouns in indefinite pronouns. In Multext East, they are called general pronouns, except for Russian, where they are called nonspecific pronouns. Traditional Latvian grammar calls them definite pronouns (Gunta Nešpore).
Language sections: English, Latvian
conditional pronoun
conditional pronoun; standardized name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2222
Identifier: conditionalPronoun   Type: simple   Origin:    Profile: Morphosyntax
Is a: pronoun
Definition: conditional pronoun
Source: MIRACL & LSCA
Note: For example for Arabic.
Language sections: English, French
demonstrative pronoun
demonstrative pronoun; standardized name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1270
Identifier: demonstrativePronoun   Type: simple   Origin: ?   Profile: Morphosyntax
Is a: pronoun
Definition: Pronoun used to point to an entity in the situation or elsewhere in a sentence.
Source: Crystal 2003
Language sections: English, French
emphatic pronoun
emphatic pronoun; standardized name
emphatic pronoun; Source: Multext East; data element name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1941
Identifier: emphaticPronoun   Type: simple   Origin:    Profile: Morphosyntax
Is a: pronoun
Definition: An emphatic pronoun is a personal pronoun that is used to emphasize its referent.
Source: http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAnEmphaticPronoun.htm
Example: fr: "Moi, je suis français." = "Me, I am French."
Source: http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAnEmphaticPronoun.htm
Explanation: This is a term used in many gram. books. One can also come across it in descriptions of some Bantu languages. Very often it is used as a synonym of absolute pronoun. Cf. for example Clement M. Doke: Textbook of Zulu Grammar. 1968 (6th edition), p.89. Derek Gowlett: Zone S. In: The Bantu Languages. London, New York. Routledge 2003. p.625. Like many Bantu languages, isiZulu is a pro-drop language. When translating English/French/German pronouns into isiZulu we use class-markers which are prefixed to the verb. In addition, there exist so-called absolute pronouns, i.e. independent, self-standing pronouns which are not necessarily used emphatically or to express contrast. The difference between absolute pronouns and emphatic pronouns (which morphologically appear to be the same) is that the emphatic set of pronouns is used in addition to other class-markers that refer to the same subject/object. Two simple examples from Doke (p.89): Ngi-thanda bona. 1sg-love 3pl-abs_pron I like them. Mina ngi-khuluma iqiniso ... 1sg-emph_pron 1sg-speak truth As for me, I speak the truth ... By the way, in the SIL-glossary (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAnEmphaticPronoun.htm) there is a definition and a nice French example: Def.: An emphatic pronoun is a personal pronoun that is used to emphasize its referent. Ex.: Moi, je suis français. ‘Me, I am French.’
Source: Karlheinz Moerth
Language sections: English, French
exclamative pronoun
exclamative pronoun; standardized name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1285
Identifier: exclamativePronoun   Type: simple   Origin: ?   Profile: Morphosyntax
Is a: pronoun
Definition: Pronoun marked with an emotional utterance and/or a strong intonation.
Source: Crystal 2003
Example: For instance, looking at a nice picture our comment could be either "beautiful!" (simple exclamation) or "how beautiful!" (using "how" as an exclamative pronoun).
Source: http://learnitalian.elanguageschool.net/interrogative-and-exclamative-pronouns
Explanation: Interrogative pronouns can be used exclamatively (see example). Thus, exclamative pronouns are sometimes considered part of interrogatives.
Source: http://learnitalian.elanguageschool.net/interrogative-and-exclamative-pronouns
Language sections: English, French
existential pronoun
existential pronoun; standardized name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3012
Identifier: existentialPronoun   Type: simple   Origin:    Profile: Morphosyntax
Is a: pronoun
Definition: pronoun that indicates the existence of something or someone
Source: gf
Example: "there" in the sentence "there is a dog"
Source:
Language sections: English, French
fused pronoun auxiliary
fused pronoun auxiliary; standardized name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3008
Identifier: fusedPronounAuxiliary   Type: simple   Origin:    Profile: Morphosyntax
Is a: pronoun
Definition: word resulting from the aggregation of a pronoun and an auxiliary
Source: multextEast
Example: "tys" => "ty"+"jsi", in Czech, meaning "you"+"are"
Source:
Language sections: English, French
impersonal pronoun
impersonal pronoun; standardized name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1426
Identifier: impersonalPronoun   Type: simple   Origin:    Profile: Morphosyntax
Is a: pronoun
Definition: Pronoun lacking person referent.
Source: Gil Francopoulo
Example: de: "man" as in "Man nennt das Pronomen." = lit. "One calls it pronoun." = "It is called pronoun."
Source: DZ
Explanation: The term "impersonal" does not mean "any pronoun but personal". It is rather a pronoun with a function and usage very close to personal pronouns but it does not refer to any particular person. It is close to indefinite pronouns that can refer to an unknown person. However, the usage of the German "man" is specific and different from the indefinite pronoun "jemand" ("somebody"). Constructions with "man" are typically translated using passive to other languages.
Source: DZ
Language sections: English, French
indefinite pronoun
indefinite pronoun; standardized name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1309
Identifier: indefinitePronoun   Type: simple   Origin: ?   Profile: Morphosyntax
Is a: pronoun
Definition: Pronoun that does not allow reference.
Source: Gil Francopoulo
Example: Anybody, somebody
Source: www.atilf.fr IMPERSONNEL Gramm.
Language sections: English, French
interrogative pronoun
interrogative pronoun; standardized name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1321
Identifier: interrogativePronoun   Type: simple   Origin: ?   Profile: Morphosyntax
Is a: pronoun
Definition: Pronoun used to express a question.
Source:
Language sections: English, French
negative pronoun
negative pronoun; standardized name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1925
Identifier: negativePronoun   Type: simple   Origin:    Profile: Morphosyntax
Is a: pronoun
Definition: Pronoun used in a context of a negation or for expressing a negation.
Source:
Language sections: English, French
personal pronoun
personal pronoun; standardized name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1463
Identifier: personalPronoun   Type: simple   Origin:    Profile: Morphosyntax
Is a: pronoun
Definition: Pronoun referring a person.
Source:
Language sections: English, French
irreflexive personal pronoun
irreflexive personal pronoun; standardized name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3013
Identifier: irreflexivePersonalPronoun   Type: simple   Origin:    Profile: Morphosyntax
Is a: personal pronoun
Definition: personal pronoun which is not reflexive
Source: STTS
Example: "ich" in German
Source:
Language sections: English, French
reflexive personal pronoun
reflexive personal pronoun; standardized name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3014
Identifier: reflexivePersonalPronoun   Type: simple   Origin:    Profile: Morphosyntax
Is a: personal pronoun
Definition: personal pronoun which is reflexive
Source: STTS
Example: "sich" in German
Source: STTS
Language sections: English, French
strong personal pronoun
strong personal pronoun; standardized name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1390
Identifier: strongPersonalPronoun   Type: simple   Origin: ?   Profile: Morphosyntax
Is a: personal pronoun
Definition: Personal pronoun that can occupy the position after a preposition and/or reinforce a weak personal pronoun.
Source: Eagles
Note: String personal pronouns are in complementary distribution with weak personal pronouns. For instance, in French "toi" is stroong and "il is weak.
Language sections: English, French
weak personal pronoun
weak personal pronoun; standardized name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1414
Identifier: weakPersonalPronoun   Type: simple   Origin: ?   Profile: Morphosyntax
Is a: personal pronoun
Definition: Personal pronoun that cannot occupy the position after a preposition and/or reinforce a strong personal pronoun.
Source:
Note: Weak personal pronouns are in complementary distribution with strong personal pronouns. For instance, in French "toi" is stroong and "il is weak.
Language sections: English, French
possessive pronoun
possessive pronoun; standardized name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1359
Identifier: possessivePronoun   Type: simple   Origin: ?   Profile: Morphosyntax
Is a: pronoun
Definition: Pronoun that expresses ownership and relationships like ownership, such as kinship, and other forms of association.
Source: www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAPossessivePronoun.htm
Example: Mine
Source: www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAPossessiveNoun.htm
Language sections: English, French
possessive relative pronoun
possessive relative pronoun; admitted name
relative possessive pronoun; admitted name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3005
Identifier: possessiveRelativePronoun   Type: simple   Origin: Prague Dependency Treebank   Profiles: Private, Morphosyntax
Is a: pronoun
Definition: A relative pronoun whose antecedent is the possessor of the subject or object in the relative clause.
Source: DZ
Example: cs: "jehož" as in "To je muž, jehož syna učím." = "This is the man whose son I teach."
Source: DZ
Note: Not to be confused with the genitive form of an interrogative/relative pronoun. Example (cs): interrogative/relative pronoun "který" = "which", genitive form "kterého" = "of which", interrogative usage: "Kterého z vás je toto auto?" = lit. "Which-genitive of you is this car?" = "Whom of you does this car belong to?", relative usage: "Nevím, kterého z nich je to auto." = lit. "I do-not-know, which-genitive of them is this car." = "I do not know whom of them the car belongs to."
Note: Not to be confused with interrogative/relative pronoun expressing possession by an unknown possessor. Example (cs): interrogative/relative pronoun "čí" = "whose", interrogative usage: "Čí je toto auto?" = lit. "Whose is this car?", relative usage: "Nevím, čí je to auto." = "I do not know whose car it is." In this case, the pronoun "čí" does not refer anaphorically to a particular noun phrase (possessor) in the main clause. Consequently, it does not need to agree in gender and number with the possessor. In contrast, a possessive relative pronoun directly refers to a noun phrase (possessor) and agrees with it in gender and number: "jehož" (masculine singular), "jejíž" (feminine singular), "jejichž" (plural) etc.
Language sections: English, Czech
presentative pronoun
presentative pronoun; standardized name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3015
Identifier: presentativePronoun   Type: simple   Origin:    Profile: Morphosyntax
Is a: pronoun
Definition: pronoun that identify the current locative or temporal situation
Source: MultextEast
Example: ex="ecco" in Italian or "voici" in French
Source:
Language sections: English, French
reciprocal pronoun
reciprocal pronoun; standardized name
PID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1924
Identifier: reciprocalPronoun   Type: simple   Origin:    Profile: Morphosyntax
Is a: pronoun
Definition: Pronoun expressing mutual relationship.
Source: Gil Francopoulo
Note: In English, for instance, the multiword expression "each other".
Language sections: English, French
reflexive possessive pronoun
reflexive possessive pronoun; admitted name
reflexive possessive pronoun; Source: Prague Dependency Treebank; data element name
PID: http://www.